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Håkansson, C., Hedwall, P.-O., Bader, M.-F. K. F., Strömgren, M., Axelsson, M. & Bergh, J. (2025). Forest fertilization transiently increases soil CO2 efflux in young Norway spruce stands in Sweden. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 360, Article ID 110287.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Forest fertilization transiently increases soil CO2 efflux in young Norway spruce stands in Sweden
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2025 (English)In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, ISSN 0168-1923, E-ISSN 1873-2240, Vol. 360, article id 110287Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Late-rotation fertilization of Norway spruce stands is a frequently used management tool in Fennoscandia to increase timber yields. Meanwhile, the growing demand for renewable resources has sparked great interest in earlier and repeated fertilizer application but it remains unclear how this affects carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes in the understory, especially forest floor respiration (Rff). This study investigated the effects of forest fertilization on Rff and net forest floor exchange (NFFE) in young, nitrogen (N) limited Norway spruce stands in southern Sweden. In a short-term dose experiment, Rff and NFFE were recorded during 2016 after varying doses of N (0,150, 300, or 450 kg ha-1 of N, hereafter N0, N150, N300, N450) were added to circular, 3-m-diameter plots in April. In a second, long-term experiment, two stand-level fertilizer applications with 150 kg ha-1 of N on each occasion were performed in 2014 and 2016 and Rff was measured at semi-regular intervals from mid-2013 to the end of 2017. In the dose experiment, fertilization increased Rff by 23 %, 81 % and 55 % in the N150, N300 and N450 treatments, respectively. Under well-lit conditions, the N300 and N450 treatments significantly enhancedphotosynthetic CO2 uptake of the forest floor vegetation by 97 % and 66 %, respectively, while the N150 treatment had no significant effect. The results of the long-term experiment indicate an initial stimulation of Rff, but this effect was transient. Our findings imply that fertilization in young Norway spruce stands, using the N150 dose (the typical dose used in Swedish forestry), may cause a transient burst in Rff that is far outweighed bynutrient-driven increases in forest floor photosynthesis under favourable light conditions prior to canopy closure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2025
Keywords
Nitrogen availability, Greenhouse gases, Soil respiration, Climate change mitigation, Forest management
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology; Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Civil engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-133493 (URN)10.1016/j.agrformet.2024.110287 (DOI)001361827600001 ()2-s2.0-85209354586 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-11-20 Created: 2024-11-20 Last updated: 2024-12-11Bibliographically approved
Eriksson, L. O., Jonsson, R., Berndes, G., Forsell, N., di Fulvio, F., Poudel, B. C. & Bergh, J. (2024). Impacts of Long-term Strategies for the Swedish Forest Sector: Analyses with the BioFrame Integrated Modelling Framework. Journal of Forest Economics, 39(2), 137-185
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Impacts of Long-term Strategies for the Swedish Forest Sector: Analyses with the BioFrame Integrated Modelling Framework
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Forest Economics, ISSN 1104-6899, E-ISSN 1618-1530, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 137-185Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The European Union (EU) does not have a common forestry policy but EU policies can indirectly affect the forest sector. This study departs from the EU "Fit for 55" package of legislation and uses a forest sector model to simulate and analyze three responses in the Swedish forest sector (2020-2100) to policy initiatives addressing climate change and biodiversity: (i) increasing the area of set-asides with 50%; (ii) prohibiting harvest of old forest (>120/140 years of age); and (iii) extending the minimum allowed age for final harvest with 30%. Results indicate that, while all three responses can reduce net carbon emissions compared to business-as-usual, extension of the minimum allowed age for final harvest reduces emissions the most. In general, the effects on net carbon emissions are highly correlated with the level of harvest. Increasing the area of set-asides and prohibiting old forest harvest help preserve old forest better than both business-as-usual and final felling age regulation. Longer-term results are uncertain as policies and technology development can radically change biomass use, product portfolios and displacement effects.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Now Publishers Inc., 2024
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-131885 (URN)10.1561/112.00000576 (DOI)001276185100002 ()2-s2.0-85198838882 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-08-19 Created: 2024-08-19 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Svensson, C., Bader, M.-F. K. F., Fransson, A.-M., Alriksson, C.-G., Goude, M. & Bergh, J. (2024). Norway spruce productivity in southern Sweden is equally limited by nitrogen and phosphorous. Forest Ecology and Management, 572, Article ID 122192.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Norway spruce productivity in southern Sweden is equally limited by nitrogen and phosphorous
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2024 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 572, article id 122192Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Nutrient limitation of forest growth, especially nitrogen (N) deficiency, is widespread in the boreal region. N fertilisation has thus become a common silvicultural practice in Fennoscandian Norway spruce stands, but to what extent phosphorus (P) is co-limiting productivity and how initial basal area affects the growth response to N addition remains unresolved. To address these questions, two experiments were established in mid-rotation Norway spruce stands in southern Sweden where decades of high atmospheric N deposition have reduced the severity of N-limitation. In a P experiment initiated in 2011, we tested P addition alone (two applications of 200 kg P ha−1) and in a second study also starting in 2011 (NP experiment), a single dose of N was administered alone (200 kg ha−1 in thinned and unthinned stands, hereafter called N and N-unthinned treatments) and in combination with P (N+P = one-time 200 kg N ha−1, two applications of 200 kg P ha−1 in thinned stands). P addition alone increased PAI (periodic annual increment) significantly by 21 % during the first, moister assessment period up to 2014 and by 18 % in the drier 2015–2019 period, resulting in a 10 % increase in final stem volume yield. In the NP experiment, significant PAI increases under favourable meteorological conditions up to 2014 occurred in all fertilisation treatments. The strongest effects were seen in the N-unthinned treatment while no significant additive effect resulted from the joint addition of N and P (N: +20 %, N-unthinned: +38 %, N+P: +23 %). In the drier 2015–2019 period, only the N+P treatment caused significantly greater PAI (+29 %). Final stem volume yield in the NP experiment significantly increased by 10 %, 39 % and 16 % in the N, N-unthinned and N+P plots, respectively. In both experiments, foliar P and thus P/N rose drastically in response to P addition alone or in combination with N. Minor increases in leaf area index (LAI) only occurred in P-containing treatments. Our findings indicate that Norway spruce productivity in southern Sweden is constrained to a similar extent by both N and P. Sustainable nutrient management in Norway spruce growing regions with high N loading (like southern Sweden) should prioritise P over N supply.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Forest fertilisation, Plant nutrition, Picea abies, Anthropogenic deposition, Nutrient limitation
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-132508 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2024.122192 (DOI)001315256500001 ()2-s2.0-85203629983 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-09-13 Created: 2024-09-13 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Svensson, C., Bader, M.-F. K. F., Forsmark, B., Nilsson, U., Lundmark, T., Nordin, A. & Bergh, J. (2023). Early and repeated nutrient additions support far greater stemwood production in Norway spruce than traditional late-rotation fertilisation. Forest Ecology and Management, 549, Article ID 121425.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Early and repeated nutrient additions support far greater stemwood production in Norway spruce than traditional late-rotation fertilisation
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2023 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 549, article id 121425Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Silvicultural techniques aimed at promoting forest biomass production can help meet the growing demand for renewable materials and mitigate climate change. One-time nitrogen (N) addition late in the rotation is a well-established method to stimulate growth in coniferous forests in northern Europe, but the potential gains from earlier and repeated fertiliser application remain uncertain. Here, we tested the impact of repeated fertilisation in juvenile Norway spruce stands across 9 sites covering a wide range of growing conditions over a 700 km stretch from central to southern Sweden. We tested the fertilisation effects using two separate studies: i) an interval trial with a fertilisation frequency of one (F1), two (F2), or three years (F3) performed at plot-level across five sites (2002–2014), and ii) a practice-oriented trial with a two-year fertilisation interval (F2) applied at stand-level and replicated at four sites (2003–2013). The composition of the nutrient mix in each plot was optimised based on foliar nutrient analyses. In the interval trial, all three fertilisation schedules strongly increased periodic annual increment (PAI) (F1: 105 %, F2: 93 %, F3: 79 %) relative to the unfertilised control, resulting in more than a doubling of stem volume yield in the F1 and F2 treatments (120 % and 110 %, respectively) and a significantly smaller but still sizeable yield stimulation of 82 % in the F3 treatment. Nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, stemwood volume increase per unit mass of N added) was similar among fertilisation intervals (on average 130 m3 ha−1 1000 kg N−1), indicating that the extra N provided through yearly fertilisation (F1) is redundant given the similar stemwood yields in the F2 treatment. In the practice-oriented trial, the sole F2 treatment increased PAI by 95 % over the control, translating into a yield stimulation of 114 % and an almost identical NUE to that of the interval trial. NUE greatly exceeded the figures typically observed with traditional late-rotation fertilisation and correlated inversely with baseline site productivity (using site index as a proxy) in the F1 and F2 treatments (the latter pooled across the two trials). Our results clearly indicate that nutrient limitation restricts growth and carbon (C) capture in young Norway spruce plantations in northern Europe to less than half of their potential, highlighting repeated fertilisation at nutrient-poor sites as an effective management tool to support a growing bioeconomy and enhance C sequestration.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Nutrient-limitation, Forest fertilisation, Picea abies, Operational forestry, Stem biomass yield, Carbon sequestration
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-125244 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121425 (DOI)001098435700001 ()2-s2.0-85174492605 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-10-20 Created: 2023-10-20 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Svensson, C., Bader, M.-F. K. F., Löf, M., Johansson, U. & Bergh, J. (2023). Fertilisation and irrigation have no effects on growth of oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) stands on abandoned farmland in southwest Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 529, Article ID 120700.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Fertilisation and irrigation have no effects on growth of oak (Quercus robur, Q. petraea) stands on abandoned farmland in southwest Sweden
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2023 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 529, article id 120700Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Low nutrient availability often limits productivity in northern forests. In a nutrient optimisation trial, we investigated the effects of fertilisation and irrigation on soil moisture, leaf area index (LAI) as well as height and radial growth in 25-year-old stands of pedunculate and sessile oak (Quercus robur L., Q. petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) growing on abandoned farmland in southwestern Sweden. Control (C), fertilisation (F), irrigation (I), and irrigation +fertilisation (IF) treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. End of growing season analysis of foliar nutrients guided the quantitative composition of next year’s fertiliser mix. Volumetric soil moisture (VWC) was significantly higher in the I and IF treatments compared to the C and F treated stands of both oak species. We did not observe a fertiliser-related reduction in VWC (except for 2015, when VWC in F- treated Q. robur stands was significantly lower than the control by about 18 %). This is in line with the unaffected LAI estimates (5.3–5.9) suggesting no stimulation of leaf production that could drive increases in transpiration with subsequent soil moisture depletion. There was no treatment ×year interaction for any of the growth-related variables. Treatments had no significant effects on basal area growth, which increased annually by 1.72 and 1.54 m2 ha-1 on average for Q. petraea and Q. robur, respectively. Pre-treatment height differences in Q. petraea stands (7–12 % taller trees in the C and IF plots) persisted throughout the study resulting in significant effects, while no significant differences in height occurred in Q. robur. Periodic annual volume increment varied more strongly following drier periods but there were no significant differences among treatments. Our findings indicate that fertilisation causes no or only minor increases in oak water use, suggesting that nutrient addition in oak stands within this precipitation regime does not require simultaneous irrigation. Most importantly, our data implies that the soil nutrient legacies of past agricultural use suffice to maximise the productivity of oak stands on abandoned farmland typical of the main oak growing region in southwestern Sweden.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
nutrient-limitation, nutrient addition, soil water availability, soil nutrient availability, forest productivity
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-117955 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2022.120700 (DOI)000909705600001 ()2-s2.0-85145253583 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-12-16 Created: 2022-12-16 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Grelle, A., Hedwall, P.-O., Strömgren, M., Håkansson, C. & Bergh, J. (2023). From source to sink: recovery of the carbon balance in young forests. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 330, Article ID 109290.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>From source to sink: recovery of the carbon balance in young forests
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2023 (English)In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, ISSN 0168-1923, E-ISSN 1873-2240, Vol. 330, article id 109290Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

We analyzed ecosystem carbon fluxes from eddy-covariance measurements in five young forests in southernSweden where the previous stand had been harvested by clear-cutting or wind-felled: three stands with Norwayspruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), one with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and one with Larch (Larix x eurolepis A.Henry). One of the spruce stands had the stumps harvested, one was fertilized and one without any specialtreatments. These stands returned from positive (sources) to negative (sinks) annual carbon fluxes 8–13 yearsafter disturbance, depending on site productivity and management. This corresponds to approximately 15% ofthe rotation periods at these sites. Extrapolation in combination with chronosequence data suggests thatconventionally regenerated stands reach a neutral carbon balance after approximately 30% of the rotationperiod. The lowest carbon emissions and shortest recovery time was observed in a stand where the stumps of thetrees, in addition to the stems and logging residues, were removed after harvest. This stand not only returned to acarbon sink within this time period but the total carbon gains since disturbance also equaled the total losses afteronly 11 years. These results stress that production stands in southern Sweden are carbon sources during arelatively small part of the rotation period, and that this part can be considerably shortened by measures thatincrease productivity or reduce the amount of woody debris left after disturbance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Carbon balance, Carbon sink, Carbon source, Eddy flux, Norway spruce, Silviculture
National Category
Climate Science Environmental Management Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-118172 (URN)10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109290 (DOI)000921476900001 ()2-s2.0-85146018871 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 942-2015-1322Swedish Energy Agency, P36139-1
Available from: 2023-01-08 Created: 2023-01-08 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N., Seifert, S., Seifert, T., Lohmander, P., Alissandrakis, A., Magnusson, B., . . . Bader, M.-F. K. F. (2023). Prediction of knot size in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 544, Article ID 121206.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prediction of knot size in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in Sweden
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2023 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 544, article id 121206Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Branch model, Stem quality, Uneven-aged, Picea abies, Continuous cover forestry, Crown shape
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-124635 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121206 (DOI)001056125800001 ()2-s2.0-85163563754 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-09-15 Created: 2023-09-15 Last updated: 2025-02-04Bibliographically approved
Eriksson, L. O. & Bergh, J. (2022). A Tool for Long-Term Forest Stand Projections of Swedish Forests. Forests, 13(6), Article ID 816.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Tool for Long-Term Forest Stand Projections of Swedish Forests
2022 (English)In: Forests, E-ISSN 1999-4907, Vol. 13, no 6, article id 816Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The analysis of forest management strategies at landscape and regional levels forms a vital part of finding viable directions that will satisfy the many services expected of forests. This article describes the structure and content of a stand simulator, GAYA, which has been adapted to Swedish conditions. The main advantage of the GAYA implementation compared to other resources is that it generates a large number of management programmes within a limited time frame. This is valuable in cases where the management programmes appear as activities in linear programming (LP) problems. Two methods that are engaged in the projections, a climate change response function and a soil carbon model, are designed to complement other methods, offering transparency and computational effectiveness. GAYA is benchmarked against projections from the Heureka system for a large set of National Forest Inventory (NFI) plots. The long-term increment for the entire NFI set is smaller for GAYA compared with Heureka, which can be attributed to different approaches for modelling the establishment of new forests. The carbon pool belonging to living trees shows the same trend when correlated to standing volume. The soil carbon pool of GAYA increases with increased standing volume, while Heureka maintains the same amount over the 100-year projection period.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2022
Keywords
growth and yield, biomass, soil carbon, increment, forest treatments, climate change response function, natural mortality, ingrowth
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-115262 (URN)10.3390/f13060816 (DOI)000816422400001 ()2-s2.0-85131370294 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-07-08 Created: 2022-07-08 Last updated: 2024-07-04Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N., Lohmander, P., Eriksson, O., Olsson, J.-O., Poudel, B. C. & Bergh, J. (2022). Evaluation of individual-tree growth models for Picea abies based on a case study of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 37(1), 45-58
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of individual-tree growth models for Picea abies based on a case study of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden
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2022 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0282-7581, E-ISSN 1651-1891, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 45-58Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To develop recommendations for tree selection in Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF), access to valid tools for simulating growth at individual tree-level is necessary. To assist efforts to develop such tools, in this study, long-term observation data from two uneven-sized Norway spruce plots in southern Sweden are used to evaluate old and new individual-tree growth models (two established Swedish models, two new preliminary models and included as a reference, a Finnish model). The plots' historical management records and site conditions are the same, but their last thinning treatment differs. Observed diameter increment at tree-level is investigated in relation to treatment. Individual tree growth residuals of tested models are evaluated in relation to tree diameter, treatment, projection length and sensitivity to the predictor mean stand age. Furthermore, the relations between displayed residuals and basal area local competition are analysed. The analyses indicate that active thinning made annual diameter increment independent of tree diameter above a threshold level, while the absence of thinning supported a concave relationship. All tested models displayed a significant linear bias leading to overestimation of small trees' growth and increasing underestimations of larger trees' growth with tree diameter. All distance-independent models displayed residual trends related to local competition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2022
Keywords
Continuous Cover Forestry, single-tree growth models, selective cutting, uneven-aged, single-tree selection, growth prediction
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-110866 (URN)10.1080/02827581.2022.2037700 (DOI)000763179300001 ()2-s2.0-85125992696 (Scopus ID)2022 (Local ID)2022 (Archive number)2022 (OAI)
Available from: 2022-03-18 Created: 2022-03-18 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N., Olsson, J.-O., Lohmander, P., Andersson, M. & Bergh, J. (2022). Individual-tree distance-dependent growth models for uneven-sized Norway spruce. Forestry (London), 95, 634-646
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Individual-tree distance-dependent growth models for uneven-sized Norway spruce
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2022 (English)In: Forestry (London), ISSN 0015-752X, E-ISSN 1464-3626, Vol. 95, p. 634-646Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Individual tree selection (ITS) is one option to manage uneven-sized forest ecosystems. However, scientifically based field guidelines adapted to ITS and economic profitability are rare, often because there is a lack of suitable tree models to use in growth and treatment simulations. The objective of this study is to develop individual-tree distance-dependent growth models focusing on Norway spruce dominated uneven-sized stands. Three models of different complexity, but with the same structural basis, are presented, followed by some examples of growth patterns for the subject trees. The data include 1456 trees (307 sample trees) collected from five sites in southern Sweden. The basic model (S) depends on subject tree size as the predictor, the second model (SD) adds distance to competitors as a predictor, and the third model (SDC) adds crown ratio as a predictor to the structure. R-Adj(2) increases with number of predictors from 0.48 to 0.58 to 0.62. The levels of RMSE improve accordingly from 5.02 cm(2) year(-1) (S) to 4.43 cm(2) year(-1) (SD) and 4.26 cm(2) year(-1) (SDC). The present calibration range and model structures primarily make the models suitable for management simulation of individual-tree selection of Norway spruce in southern Sweden. The format of the models allows for further extension with additional predictors and calibration data with greater coverage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2022
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-112972 (URN)10.1093/forestry/cpac017 (DOI)000791200100001 ()2-s2.0-85158008435 (Scopus ID)2022 (Local ID)2022 (Archive number)2022 (OAI)
Available from: 2022-05-23 Created: 2022-05-23 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0003-4723-1626

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