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Boström, M., Boström, J. & Stark, K. (2025). Handledning till sjöss: Tips på hur du kan bidra till en god lärsituation för kadetter under deras praktik ombord. Kalmar
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Handledning till sjöss: Tips på hur du kan bidra till en god lärsituation för kadetter under deras praktik ombord
2025 (Swedish)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [sv]

Svensk sjöfart står inför en betydande kompetensbrist. Färre unga söker sig till sjöfartsutbildningar samtidigt som behovet av transporter förväntas öka i framtiden. Att endast rekrytera fler till sjöfarten är dock inte tillräckligt. För att säkra en långsiktig kompetensförsörjning behöver branschen arbeta utifrån fyra steg: att attrahera, att rekrytera och att behålla medarbetare, samt att få dessa att växa i sina roller.

I detta projekt ligger fokus på rekrytering, mer specifikt att få så många som möjligt att slutföra sin utbildning för att därefter söka sig till ett jobb inom sjöfarten. Många kadetter påbörjar en utbildning men fullföljer den inte. En stor utmaning är att säkerställa att fler får den vägledning och det stöd som krävs för att de ska vilja stanna kvar i branschen. Genom att förbättra förutsättningarna under praktiken kan fler kadetter motiveras att ta steget vidare till en karriär till sjöss.

För att säkra kompetensförsörjningen måste branschen också bredda sin rekrytering. Idag är sjöfarten en mansdominerad bransch, och om endast halva befolkningen ses som potentiella sjöfarare riskerar branschen att missa värdefull kompetens. En likvärdig och inkluderande utbildning, där alla kadetter får samma möjligheter och förutsättningar att trivas och utvecklas, är avgörande för att öka andelen kvinnor och andra underrepresenterade grupper inom sjöfarten. Vi är övertygade om att genom en mer strukturerad och stödjande praktik, där fler känner sig välkomna och motiverade att stanna kvar i branschen, kan vi bidra till en hållbar sjöfart med ökad mångfald.

Här presenterar vi konkreta åtgärder som kan förbättra handledningen av kadetter och därigenom stärka sjöfartens kompetensförsörjning. Förslagen bygger på ett forskningsprojekt vid Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet under åren 2023–2025, som finansierades av Stiftelsen Sveriges Sjömanshus där vi i nära samarbete med branschen har undersökt utmaningar och möjligheter inom handledning. Resultaten bygger på både tidigare forskning och direkta erfarenheter från handledare och kadetter. Vi hoppas att dessa insikter kan bidra till en mer strukturerad och inkluderande handledning ombord.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kalmar: , 2025
Keywords
sjöfart, handledning, yrkesutbildning, kompetensförsörjning, jämställdhet
National Category
Educational Work Transport Systems and Logistics Work Sciences
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-138091 (URN)9789180823005 (ISBN)9789180823012 (ISBN)
Projects
Utvärdering av kvalitetshöjande åtgärder inom handledning till sjöss
Funder
The Swedish Mercantile Marine Foundation
Available from: 2025-04-17 Created: 2025-04-17 Last updated: 2025-04-22Bibliographically approved
Ekstedt, J., Svels, K., Boström, M., Gustavsson, M., Ounanian, K., Rønningen, K., . . . Österman, C. (2025). Hindered, Overlooked, and Undervalued: Gender Equality in Nordic Blue Economies. Ocean and Society, 2, Article ID 8761.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Hindered, Overlooked, and Undervalued: Gender Equality in Nordic Blue Economies
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2025 (English)In: Ocean and Society, ISSN 2976-0925, Vol. 2, article id 8761Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The Nordic countries are ranked among the most gender equal countries worldwide. Equality, political, and civil rights, leading to the high participation of women in the workforce, have paved the way for this egalitarian view. However, women remain the minority in managerial positions in general, and they are also strongly underrepresented in many male‐dominated sectors of the blue economy. The aim of this article is to introduce and discuss gender equality in the blue economy, and to assess the status of gender research in the Nordic context. To achieve this, a purposive interdisciplinary literature review resulted in three encompassing themes on how women’s participation is hindered, overlooked, and undervalued. Using these themes as an analytical lens, we propose that the underlying mechanisms are similar within fisheries, aquaculture, and maritime transportation in how they affect women’s participation. Still, there is a lack of statistics and research within parts of the blue sector. To move forward, there needs to be a shift in focus from policy to practice. One starting point could be to implement current knowledge, e.g., regarding workplace design and tailoring equipment to fit a diverse workforce. We call for scaling up best practices and evaluating policy performance and effectiveness. These are prerequisites for sustainable recruitment and retention of the blue sector workforce and the only way forward for countries aspiring to be truly gender equal.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cogitatio Press, 2025
Keywords
blue economy, fisheries, gender equality, labor market, male‐dominated, SDG 5, seafarer, social sustainability, women’s participation, workforce
National Category
Work Sciences Gender Studies
Research subject
Social Sciences, Studies of Professions; Social Sciences, Gender Studies
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-133296 (URN)10.17645/oas.8761 (DOI)
Available from: 2024-11-11 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2025-02-18Bibliographically approved
Österman, C. & Boström, M. (2025). Incentives for Skills Supply in a Socially Sustainable Shipping. Ocean and Society, 2, Article ID 8837.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Incentives for Skills Supply in a Socially Sustainable Shipping
2025 (English)In: Ocean and Society, ISSN 2976-0925, Vol. 2, article id 8837Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

While global demand for shipping continues to grow, the maritime industry is concerned by the impending shortage of skilled seafarers. The challenge is twofold: there is a need to attract and recruit new talent, and to retain, upskill, and reskill existing personnel. This study aims to investigate what motivates students to enrol in and complete a maritime education, and to stay in the profession. A register‐based follow‐up study, a survey questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with former and current students at a maritime upper secondary school in Sweden. Results show that motives include an interest in shipping or boating, or seeking a practical occupation. It has not been possible to identify any major differences between women’s and men’s motives. However, women complete their educations to a greater extent than men. Pivotal for seafarers’ decision to stay in a seafaring profession is having reasonable working and employment conditions, varied work tasks, and a sense of professional pride. Experiences of good companionship and togetherness are important driving forces. Conversely, social exclusion, harassment, and poor working environments influence the decision to leave the maritime industry. Even though women are at increased risk of being exposed to unwelcome behaviour, they choose to stay at sea to a greater extent than their male colleagues. A sustainable skills supply requires a holistic perspective. Satisfied employees who are allowed to grow in their professional role are likely to act as excellent ambassadors and thereby contribute to the continued recruitment of seafarers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cogitatio Press, 2025
Keywords
gender equality, job satisfaction, maritime education, occupational commitment, seafarers, social sustainability, upskilling, work environment
National Category
Work Sciences
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science; Social Sciences, Studies of Professions
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-134366 (URN)10.17645/oas.8837 (DOI)
Available from: 2025-01-08 Created: 2025-01-08 Last updated: 2025-01-08Bibliographically approved
Boström, M., Svels, K. & Arias Schreiber, M. (2025). Into the (Gendered) Blue: New Perspectives on Gender Equality and Participation in Blue Growth. Ocean and Society, 2, Article ID 9953.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Into the (Gendered) Blue: New Perspectives on Gender Equality and Participation in Blue Growth
2025 (English)In: Ocean and Society, E-ISSN 2976-0925, Vol. 2, article id 9953Article in journal, Editorial material (Other academic) Published
Abstract [en]

In the context of the global adoption of the blue economy agenda, new challenges and opportunities emerge for gender mainstreaming in traditional male‐dominated maritime industries. This thematic issue mobilizes knowledge on barriers and structural hindrances faced by women in the blue economy, from exclusionary workplace norms and hierarchies to inadequate support for work–life balance. These hindrances discourage women’s entry and retention in industries like fisheries, aquaculture, maritime transportation, and marine research. Lessons from the Nordic countries, which have significantly advanced gender equality and adopted numerous policies to enhance gender inclusivity, show that in the absence of effective implementation and evaluation of policy impacts, policies alone are not effective. Using gender as an analytical perspective reveals the importance of language and discourses in advancing gender inclusion, highlights issues of intersectionality across national borders, and exposes the need for blue justice alongside blue economy agendas. The collection of articles underscores the need for both systemic change and localized, tailored interventions. The methodological contribution exemplifies how discourse analysis unpacks societal norms, while ethnography reveals on‐the‐ground experiences of exclusion and resistance. Furthermore, tracking career trajectories provides data‐driven insights into workforce retention, while interviews analyze the nuanced motivations and challenges women face. It is concluded that the agendas of the blue economy and gender equality could be indeed compatible, however, it must be acknowledged that the way these two can be simultaneously pursued remains a challenge that needs action.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cogitatio Press, 2025
Keywords
aquaculture, blue economy, blue growth, blue justice, fisheries, gender, marine research, maritime transportation, seafarer, sustainability
National Category
Gender Studies
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-136879 (URN)10.17645/oas.9953 (DOI)
Available from: 2025-02-18 Created: 2025-02-18 Last updated: 2025-02-24Bibliographically approved
Boström, M. (2025). The Multifaceted Seafarer: An Explorative Discourse Analysis of Seafarers’ Portrayals in Swedish Maritime Magazines. Ocean and Society, 2, Article ID 8289.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>The Multifaceted Seafarer: An Explorative Discourse Analysis of Seafarers’ Portrayals in Swedish Maritime Magazines
2025 (English)In: Ocean and Society, Vol. 2, article id 8289Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Seafaring is a highly male‐dominated occupation. Within the industry, there is an ambition to increase the proportion of women working in maritime professions. In this endeavor, it is relevant to examine how seafarers are portrayed in various contexts. This study aimed to explore the image of seafarers as presented in Swedish maritime magazines: How are seafarers described, and can these descriptions be seen as performative in shaping a professional identity? To meet this aim, a discourse analysis was performed, based on 20 texts from two maritime magazines, representing both rating and officer seafarers. Overall, six subject positions inhabited by seafarers were identified, with several overlapping characteristics. For example, traits of the traditional seafarer were also found in the masculine seafarer and the flexible seafarer. Furthermore, it is argued that several of the subject positions are difficult to combine with what is referred to as the gender‐equal seafarer, mainly due to challenges in balancing family life with extended periods at sea. The study shows that today’s seafarers, according to how they are depicted in Swedish maritime magazines, have considerable agency in shaping their own professional identity without being forced to conform to a hegemonic masculinity. Finally, it is suggested that the term “seafarer” be used instead of “seaman” in both print and everyday conversations, for increased inclusiveness and representation.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cogitatio Press, 2025
Keywords
equality, gender, hegemonic masculinity, performativity, seafarer, seaman
National Category
Gender Studies
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-131617 (URN)10.17645/oas.8289 (DOI)
Available from: 2024-08-05 Created: 2024-08-05 Last updated: 2024-09-05Bibliographically approved
Österman, C. (2023). Rock the boat: How to contribute to a good organizational and social work environment and prevent bullying and harassment. Kalmar: Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Rock the boat: How to contribute to a good organizational and social work environment and prevent bullying and harassment
2023 (English)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [en]

The occurrence of workplace bullying and harassment in variousforms is unfortunately nothing new, and this naturally applies to seafarers as well. Despite this, #metoo became an eye-opener for many when it became clear how extensive these issues are on board and the severity of the cases that occur. Victims of bullying and harassment often suffer physically and mentally and may develop long-term health problems. Additionally, the social isolation on board can make it even more difficult for affected individuals to receive support from family and friends when such incidents occur.

Even though the symptoms of workplace bullying and harassment are primarily visible in the individual, it’s important to remember that preventive efforts need to encompass the organizational and social work environment. Deficiencies and ambiguities in the organization, uncertainties about roles and responsibilities, managers lacking sufficient knowledge and resources, high workloads, and a workplace climate that tolerates a harsh tone and offensive banter are some well-known factors that need to be addressed.

So, what should one do in practice? A system needs to be questioned to function and evolve, and therefore, we need to rock the boat. This means that we need to become better at challenging existing structures and work methods and learn to ask new questions. Both employees and managers need to become better at clearly demonstrating their disapproval when incidents of workplace bullying and harassment occur. Employees can do so by not passively stand by if something happens but instead speak up and offer support - we call it crew courage. Managers must lead the way in defining what is acceptable and actively investigate the work environment, identify risk factors, and take early action on warning signals.

Here, we share what you can do to contribute to a good organizational and social work environment free from workplace bullying and harassment. These tips are based on a research project conducted at Kalmar Maritime Academy, Linnaeus University, during 2019-2021. The project was funded by AFA Försäkring. These examples have been gathered through a systematic literature review and in dialogue with many individuals with various backgrounds and experiences. All results and a more detailed description of the methodology can be found in the final report Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart, by Cecilia Österman and Magnus Boström at Linnaeus University. This report and other publications are available at intejobbadumt.se.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kalmar: Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet, 2023. p. 34
Keywords
shipping, maritime, work environment, equality, bullying, harassment, sjöfart, arbetsmiljö, jämställdhet, kränkande särbehandling, trakasserier
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Gender Studies Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-126331 (URN)9789180821186 (ISBN)9789180821193 (ISBN)
Projects
Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart
Funder
AFA Insurance, 180229
Available from: 2024-01-10 Created: 2024-01-10 Last updated: 2024-01-11Bibliographically approved
Boström, M. & Österman, C. (2022). Creating Clarity and Crew Courage: Preventive and Promotive Measures for a Maritime Industry Without Bullying and Harassment. Occupational Health Science, 6(4), 605-629
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Creating Clarity and Crew Courage: Preventive and Promotive Measures for a Maritime Industry Without Bullying and Harassment
2022 (English)In: Occupational Health Science, ISSN 2367-0134, Vol. 6, no 4, p. 605-629Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Seafaring shares many characteristics with contemporary working life ashore. However, a major difference is that seafarers can spend up to 12 months aboard a ship that constitutes a work, living and recreational environment. Onboard work includes many stressors that can potentially contribute to workplace bullying and harassment, which in turn can affect safety critical operations. The aim of this study was to identify underlying causes in the organizational and social work environment that can cause workplace bullying and harassment at sea, and to suggest appropriate preventive and promotive strategies and measures. Data were collected mainly through World Cafe workshops with 56 participants from the Swedish maritime industry. Seafarer occupational health, safety, and wellbeing is largely determined by interdependent factors at micro, meso, and macro levels, where different stakeholders play various roles. Strategies and measures starting at the individual seafarer, and gradually expanding outwards toward the maritime industry are suggested. It is important that a victim of bullying or harassment receives adequate support. Creating crew courage enables employees to both recognize troubling situations and know how to act and respond to a situation. To bridge the gap between policy and practice, the legislative framework needs translating into practical procedures to make sense to the middle manager at the sharp end, with limited knowledge, time, resources, and decision latitude. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of work environment interventions - what works, for whom, and under which circumstances.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer Nature, 2022
Keywords
Work environment, Occupational safety and health, Seafarer, Gender equality, World Cafe
National Category
Work Sciences
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science; Social Sciences, Sociology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-117776 (URN)10.1007/s41542-022-00129-5 (DOI)000878487500001 ()36345360 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2022-12-07 Created: 2022-12-07 Last updated: 2022-12-14Bibliographically approved
Österman, C. & Boström, M. (2022). Drivkrafter för kompetensförsörjning i en socialt hållbar sjöfart. Kalmar: Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Drivkrafter för kompetensförsörjning i en socialt hållbar sjöfart
2022 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Det här projektet har identifierat drivkrafter för kompetensförsörjning i en socialt hållbar sjöfart, samt undersökt hur dessa kan omsättas i praktiken. Det övergripande målet har varit att rekommendera åtgärder som på sikt kan öka intresset för sjöfartsutbildningar hos en bredare målgrupp, samt skapa goda förutsättningar för ett hållbart arbetsliv inom sjöfarten.

Projektets forskningsaktiviteter omfattar sex delaktiviteter: en systematisk litteraturstudie; uppföljning av en kull gymnasieelever vid Sjömansskolan i Stockholm; enkätundersökning riktad till tidigare elever vid Sjömansskolan i Stockholm från avgångs-åren 2010 till 2020; forskningsintervjuer med gymnasieelever; kartläggning av sök- och resultatmönster för studerande vid sjöbefälsutbildningar under åren 2008–2018; samt forskningsintervjuer med sjöingenjörsstudenter. Resultaten har sedan sammanställts, analyserats, diskuterats, syntetiserats och utvecklats till rekommendationer.

Sammantaget visar studien en hög grad av samstämmighet vad gäller motiv att söka sig till och genomföra en sjöfartsutbildning. För de flesta handlar det om intresse för sjöfart eller båtliv, eller att vilja ha ett praktiskt inriktat yrke. För andra är beslutet mera slumpmässigt. Det har inte gått att identifiera några större skillnader mellan kvinnors och mäns motiv. Däremot fullföljer kvinnor i större utsträckning än män sina utbildningar och tar examen.

Avgörande för beslutet att stanna till sjöss är att ha en anställning med rimliga villkor och fungerande avlösningssystem. Vidare är det viktigt med varierande arbetsuppgifter, att få utvecklas och känna yrkesstolthet. Upplevelsen av god gemenskap och samhörighet är en viktig drivkraft för att stanna till sjöss. Omvänt kan social exkludering, trakasserier och bristande arbetsmiljö inverka på beslutet att lämna sjöfarten. Kvinnor löper en ökad risk för att utsättas för diskriminering och ovälkomna beteenden. Trots detta noteras att även om kvinnorna är betydligt färre till antalet så väljer de att stanna till sjöss i större utsträckning än sina manliga klasskamrater.

För att säkra sjöfartens hållbara kompetensförsörjning krävs ett helhetsperspektiv som omfattar sätt att attrahera och rekrytera ny personal till branschen, men också insatser för att behålla de som redan arbetar i sjöfarten och få dem att växa. När vi lyckas behålla medarbetare som tillåts växa i sin yrkesroll, kommer de att agera som goda ambassadörer och därigenom bidra till en fortsatt rekrytering av sjöfarare. Sjöfartens synlighet behöver ökas, främst hos de grupper som idag är i minoritet vid sjöfartsutbildningarna. En ökad förståelse för sjöfartens betydelse och bredden av möjliga yrkeskategorier skapar gynnsamma förutsättningar för att familj och vänner agerar stöttande gentemot de som söker sig till sjöss. Det behöver bli mer känt att en dörr in till en sjöfartsutbildning på sikt öppnar många andra dörrar. En fungerande och välkomnande onboarding och introduktion för nyanställda och praktikanter är av avgörande betydelse. Här är handledarskapet ombord centralt. Förmågan att se till individens behov och en förståelse för att alla är olika ökar chanserna för ett väl fungerande handledarskap. Det krävs också tydlighet om vem som förväntas göra vad och att handledare ges tid och erkännande för uppdraget.

Efter avslutad skolgång är en anställning med rimliga villkor en förutsättning för att komma in i arbetslivet. Senare i arbetslivet kan det behöva göras anpassningar för en fortsatt karriär. Det finns inte en lösning som passar alla sjöfarare under hela yrkeslivet. Arbetsgivare och bransch behöver möta medarbetare i deras olika faser under ett helt arbetsliv, för att få dem att växa.

Inom många områden är sjöfarten en hårt reglerad bransch, bland annat när det gäller krav på minimibemanning och arbetstider. Det handlar om ett vägval. För att behålla värdefull kompetens kan arbetsgivaren behöva lyfta blicken och undersöka utrymmet för att kunna erbjuda sådant som ökar arbetets och arbetsplatsens attraktivitet och får medarbetare att både vilja stanna i organisationen och ge det lilla extra. Insatser för att behålla lojal personal med hög kompetens ska således ses som en investering, snarare än en kostnad.

Abstract [en]

This project has identified incentives for the supply of skills in a socially sustainable maritime industry and investigated how these can be put into practice. The overall aim has been to recommend measures that can increase the interest in maritime education among a wider target group and create good conditions for a sustainable working life in shipping.

The project's research activities comprise six parts: a systematic literature review; a follow-up of high school students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm; questionnaire survey aimed at former students at Sjömansskolan in Stockholm that graduated between 2010 and 2020; research interviews with high school students; register study of student applications for master mariner and marine engineering students during the years 2008–2018; as well as research interviews with marine engineering students. The results have been compiled, analysed, discussed, synthesised, and developed into recommendations.

Overall, the study shows a high degree of coherence in terms of motives for applying for and completing a maritime education. Largely, it concerns an interest in shipping or boating, or seeking a practical occupation. For others, the decision is more random. It has not been possible to identify any major differences between women's and men's motives. On the other hand, women complete their educations and graduate to a greater extent than men.Pivotal for seafarers’ decision to stay at sea is having an employment with reason-able conditions of employment and a suitable replacement system. Furthermore, it is important with varying work tasks, professional development, and a sense of professional pride. Experiences of good companionship and togetherness are important driving forces. In opposition, social exclusion, harassment, and a poor working environment can affect the decision to leave the maritime industry. Women are at increased risk of being exposed to discrimination and unwelcome behaviour. Despite this, it is noted that women choose to stay at sea to a greater extent than their male colleagues.

A sustainable skills supply in the maritime industry requires a holistic perspective that includes ways to attract and recruit new staff to the industry, but also efforts to retain already employed personnel and make them grow. Satisfied employees who are allowed to grow in their professional role, are likely to act as excellent ambassadors and thereby contribute to the continued recruitment of seafarers.The visibility of the maritime industry needs to be increased, especially among current minority groups. An increased understanding of the importance of shipping and the scope of possible occupational categories creates favourable conditions for family and friends to act supportively towards those who apply for a maritime education. It needs to become better known that a door to a maritime education can open many other doors.

A functioning and welcoming onboarding and introduction for new employees and cadets is of crucial importance. Here, the supervision on board is central. The ability to look after the individual's needs and an understanding that everyone is different increases the chances of a well-functioning supervision. It also requires clarity about responsibilities and that supervisors are given time and recognition for the assignment.After finishing school, employment with reasonable employment conditions is a prerequisite for entering working life. Later in working life, adjustments may need to be made for a continued career. There is no one-size-fits-all solution for all seafarers throughout their working lives. Employers and the industry need to meet employees in their various phases during an entire working life, to make them grow.In many areas, shipping is a tightly regulated industry, including requirements for minimum manning and working hours. This requires a choice of path. To retain valuable competence, employers need to explore new avenues to increase the attractiveness of work that motivates people to stay in the organization and preferably give a little extra. Efforts to retain loyal employees with high competence should thus be seen as an investment, rather than a cost.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kalmar: Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet, 2022. p. 69
Keywords
Arbetsmiljö, arbetsliv, rekrytering, onboarding, sjöfolk, sjömansgymnasium, sjöbefäl, utbildning, mångfald, jämställdhet
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Work Sciences
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-121363 (URN)
Projects
Drivkrafter för kompetensförsörjning i en socialt hållbar sjöfart
Funder
Swedish Transport Administration, TRV 2019/96464
Available from: 2023-06-05 Created: 2023-06-05 Last updated: 2023-06-08Bibliographically approved
Österman, C. & Boström, M. (2022). Workplace bullying and harassment at sea: A structured literature review. Marine Policy, 136, Article ID 104910.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Workplace bullying and harassment at sea: A structured literature review
2022 (English)In: Marine Policy, ISSN 0308-597X, E-ISSN 1872-9460, Vol. 136, article id 104910Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Seafaring is a masculine-coded occupation with a strong professional culture that values practical experience. Traditionally, youths were accepted on board ships to be guided, socialised, and often bullied into the working and living cultures at sea. The maritime industry is characterised by several factors known from research to constitute a hotbed for workplace bullying and harassment, such as sustained high workload, role conflicts, jargon, and precarious work. Women and minority groups are especially exposed to bulling and harassment in these kind of working environments. At policy level, these issues are addressed by the International Safety Management Code and the Maritime Labour Convention, which require employers to identify and prevent occupational safety and health risks. This study analyses the extent and scope of the peer reviewed literature on workplace bulling and harassment at sea, and what recommendations have been proposed in previous research. The results show that workplace bullying and harassment is a substantial problem in the maritime industry. While research in this field is growing, there is a general need for future research based on strong research designs. Given the complete lack of scientific intervention studies, this should be prioritised in future research. Further, there is a need to address underlying causes of workplace bullying and harassment and ensure decent employment and working conditions at sea. Managers ashore as well as officers on board must be provided with adequate resources, usable tools, and sufficient time for a proactive work. This work should be included as part of the safety management system.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2022
Keywords
Workplace bullying, Victimisation, Sexual harassment, Gender, Seafarers, Ship, Maritime, Safety management system
National Category
Work Sciences Gender Studies
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-109127 (URN)10.1016/j.marpol.2021.104910 (DOI)000736670300007 ()2-s2.0-85121225682 (Scopus ID)2021 (Local ID)2021 (Archive number)2021 (OAI)
Projects
Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart
Funder
AFA Insurance, AFA180229.
Available from: 2022-01-11 Created: 2022-01-11 Last updated: 2022-01-18Bibliographically approved
Österman, C. & Boström, M. (2021). Ogilla läget: Tips på hur du kan bidra till en god organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö utan kränkande särbehandling. Kalmar: Linnéuniverstitetet
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ogilla läget: Tips på hur du kan bidra till en god organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö utan kränkande särbehandling
2021 (Swedish)Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Abstract [sv]

Att kränkande särbehandling i olika former förekommer på jobbet är tyvärr inget nytt och självklart gäller det även till sjöss. Trots detta blev #metoo en ögonöppnare för många när det stod klart hur omfattande problemen med kränkande särbehandling är ombord och vilka grova fall som förekommer. Den som blir utsatt mår ofta fysiskt och psykiskt dåligt och kan utveckla långvariga hälsoproblem. Samtidigt kan den sociala isoleringen ombord göra det extra svårt för den utsatta att få stöd från familj och vänner när det inträffar.

Även om symptomen av kränkande särbehandling främst syns hos den enskilde individen är det viktigt att komma ihåg att det förebyggande arbetet måste omfatta den organisatoriska och sociala arbetsmiljön. Brister och otydligheter i organisationen, oklarheter om vem som förväntas göra vad, chefer utan tillräckliga kunskaper och förutsättningar, hög arbetsbelastning och ett arbetsklimat som tillåter en rå jargong är några väl kända faktorer som behöver adresseras.

Så hur ska en göra rent praktiskt då? Vi menar att vi behöver bli bättre på att ogilla läget. Ett system behöver ifrågasättas för att kunna fungera och utvecklas. Det innebär att vi behöver bli bättre på att utmana befintliga strukturer och invanda arbetssätt och lära oss att ställa nya frågor. Både medarbetare och chefer behöver bli bättre på att ogilla läget i situationer när kränkande särbehandling inträffar. Medarbetare kan ogilla läget genom att inte tyst se på om något inträffar, utan i stället säga ifrån och erbjuda stöd – vi kallar det båtkurage. Chefer visar vägen för vad som är acceptabelt och behöver bli bättre på att undersöka arbetsmiljön, fånga upp och agera på signaler om att allt inte står rätt till.

Här berättar vi vad du kan göra för att bidra till en god organisatorisk och social arbetsmiljö utan kränkande särbehandling. Tipsen är baserade på ett forskningsprojekt som genomfördes vid Sjöfartshögskolan, Linnéuniversitetet under 2019–2021. Projektet finansierades av AFA Försäkring. Dessa exempel har fångats upp genom en systematisk forskningsöversikt och i dialog med många personer med olika bakgrund och erfarenhet. Samtliga resultat och en mer detaljerad metodbeskrivning finns i slutrapporten Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart, av Cecilia Österman och Magnus Boström vid Linnéuniversitetet.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Kalmar: Linnéuniverstitetet, 2021. p. 34
Keywords
shipping, maritime, work environment, equality, bullying, harassment, sjöfart, arbetsmiljö, jämställdhet, kränkande särbehandling, trakasserier
National Category
Production Engineering, Human Work Science and Ergonomics Gender Studies Transport Systems and Logistics
Research subject
Shipping, Maritime Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-106836 (URN)9789189460003 (ISBN)9789189460010 (ISBN)
Projects
Praktiskt arbetsmiljöarbete för en jämställd sjöfart
Funder
AFA Insurance, 180229
Available from: 2021-09-07 Created: 2021-09-07 Last updated: 2021-09-07Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0002-1223-1311

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