Research topic/aim: This study investigates how students training for jobs in the hospitality industry describe guests that subject staff to sexualharassment. The research question that guides the study is: Who are the guests who expose staff in the hospitality industryto sexual harassment, according to the students?

Theoretical framework: Sexual harassment is a widespread problem that occurs worldwide. It is mainly women who are subjected and most often it is men who subject them (Latcheva 2017; Svensson 2020). Young women employed in the hospitality industry have beenidentified as particularly vulnerable, those who target them are mainly male guests (Svensson 2020). Drawing on genderstudies, sexual harassment that men subject women to can be understood as an expression of the unequal gender order thatprevails in society (Connell 2009). Nowadays, however, there is a widespread belief that gender equality has been achieved.A post-feminist discourse that asserts that gender inequality belongs to the past. Thus, society is presented as genderneutral. Neither gender, class nor other factors are said to play any role in a person's opportunities and future livingconditions. Within the post-feminist discourse, the individuals are seen as responsible for both their successes and failures.Referring to things like inequality, gender discrimination and gender-based violence is therefore not possible (McRobbie2010; Pomerantz & Raby 2017). The discourse is closely linked to neoliberal ideology and has gained a prominent position within the Western world, not least within the Nordic countries, which are also often highlighted as successful examples whenit comes to gender equality (Magnusson et al. 2008). On the one hand, sexual harassment that male guests subject femaleemployees to in hotels and restaurants is extensive and well known. On the other hand, the post-feminist discourseconstitutes an obstacle to understanding sexual harassment as an expression of gender inequality.

Methodological design: The empirical material consists of focus group interviews (2-8 participants) with female and male students at the Hotel andtourism- and the Restaurant Management and food program in Sweden.

Expected conclusions/findings: The results show that the guests that the students highlight as the people who expose staff to sexual harassment are primarydescribed as older men [“gubbar”]. In the case of this group, the descriptions are particularly negative and the concretesituations numerous. According to the students, sexual harassment also occurs from boys their own age. In addition, it isemphasized that women can also subject men to sexual harassment, which, however, appears to be more hypothetical andcontradictory.

Relevance to Nordic educational research: All the Nordic countries want to counter sexual harassment in schools and education. Research has, however, shown thenotion that gender equality has been achieved as an obstacle to understanding gender issues (Lahelma 2012; Magnusson etal. 2008; Svensson 2020).

This study focuses on how teachers' work-related boundaries are challenged in relation to students' parents. Historically,good relationships between teachers and parents have been regarded as a success factor for students' school results. This isalso how parents' involvement in their children's education often has been discussed in research. In recent years, however,teachers' parental contacts in Sweden have come to be discussed as problematic for teachers. The teachers' union reportsthat teachers feel that parents make unreasonable demands (Lärarförbundet 2020); e.g., attempt to control teachers byexpressing opinions on their grading, or show what is perceived as excessive solicitousness for their own child. Teachersdescribe this as a problem that has intensified over time (Hedlin & Frank, 2022). Against this background, the aim is tocontribute knowledge about teachers' work-related boundaries in relation to parents and how these are maintained andchallenged.Theoretical frameworkIn this study, boundary theory is used to identify how teachers' work-related boundaries are created and maintained(Aronsson, 2018). Boundless work can mean freedom and be experienced positively. At the same time, it can contribute tofeeling the demand of always having to be available, which might be stressful. Individuals can use strategies to safeguardtheir private life by trying to keep work and leisure separate, segmentation. A segmenting strategy can mean not answeringe-mails at home. Other strategies can be about reducing the friction between work and leisure, integration. Betweensegmentation and integration, there is a spectrum with great variation.Female teachers are more exposed to parental demands, because teachers' work is associated with norms of femininity inthe form of expectations to provide care, and prioritise the needs of others (Widding, 2013). Therefore, boundary theory iscombined with Connell's (2009) gender theory, which describes how the verbal, bodily and material aspects of socialrelations create gender patterns, a gender order. Methodological designThe presentation is based on 15 semi-structured interviews with teachers. During the interviews, participants reflected onvignettes that illustrated fictitious cases of teachers' parental contacts.Expected conclusions/findingsPreliminary results show that teachers' work-related boundaries in relation to parents are maintained and challenged byideals of good relations with homes, availability, care for the students, and collegiality.Relevance to Nordic educational researchThe Nordic countries stress the importance of parental involvement in their children’s schooling. Much research has focusedon parents’ opportunities to engage in children’s schooling, but Nordic educational research has also highlighted thatteachers’ professional responsibility can be weakened by too much parental cooperation (Dahl, 2017).

Aronsson, G. (2018). Gränslöst arbete: En forskarantologi om arbetsmiljöutmaningar i ett gränslöst arbetsliv.Arbetsmiljöverket.

Connell, R. (2009). Om genus. Daidalos.Dahl, K. (2017). Too much parental cooperation? Parent–teacher cooperation and how it influences professional responsibilityamong Danish schoolteachers. Power and Education, 9(3), 177-191

Hedlin, M., & Frank, E. (2022). “They Want a Reply Immediately!” Teachers’ Perceptions About Contact Between Home andSchool. Journal of Teacher Education and Educators, 11(2), 271-288.

Lärarförbundet (2020). Varannan lärare utsätts för orimliga föräldrakrav.Widding, G. (2013). "Det ska funka" -Om genus betydelse i relationen hem och skola. Umeå Universitet.

Syftet med studien är att utforska hur elever inom gymnasieskolans Vård- och omsorgsprogram uppfattar sexuella trakasserier som kan förekomma från vårdtagare samt bidra med kunskap som kan vara användbar i gymnasieskolans vård- och omsorgsutbildning. Studien bygger på fokusgruppsintervjuer med elever inom Vård- och omsorgsprogrammets tredje år. Eleverna beskriver en mängd situationer som i hög grad handlar om att manliga vårdtagare utsätter kvinnliga praktikanter och personal för sexuella trakasserier. En del av de män som utsätter personal för sexuella trakasserier har demensdiagnos, men eleverna beskriver också trakasserier från vårdtagare utan kognitiva nedsättningar, och även anhöriga, ägnar sig åt sexuella trakasserier. Av elevernas beskrivningar att döma framstår beteendet som normaliserat i vårdmiljön. Frågan behandlas sparsamt inom utbildningen, enligt de deltagande eleverna: varken lärarna, läroböckerna eller praktikplatserna tar enligt eleverna upp frågan om sexuella trakasserier från vårdtagare på ett tillfredsställande sätt.

This study’s purpose is to contribute knowledge which can be used as a basis for vocational teachers in hospitality when they discuss sexual harassment with their students. We therefore explore how students in training for vocations in the hospitality industry explain why some guests subject staff to sexual harassment. The empirical material consists of focus group interviews with students in the Swedish Hotel and Tourism programme and the Restaurant Management and Food programme. Twenty-two focus group interviews were conducted, 2–8 students participated in each group. The interviews took place in ten different municipalities in southern Sweden. The students’ explanations are that the sexual harassment is an issue linked to the generation, an issue of information, an issue of personality, an issue related to alcohol, an issue to do with male nature, and an issue of guests taking advantage of their status. These different explanations are linked to overarching discourses. Several of these are historical discourses that have been repeated for a long time. For teachers in the hospitality vocational education programmes a pedagogical point can be to highlight all the explanations and discourses in order to examine together with the students the assumptions on which their explanations rest.

In the hairdressing occupation emotional labour has often come to overshadow other vocational skills. The present study, using ethnographic methods, explores how students and teachers in vocational education and training (VET) for hairdressers in Sweden describe and explain the emotional labour being carried out when a hairdresser perform good service. The results show that to look happy and smile has a central position in students’ and VET teachers’ descriptions of how an ideal service worker is expected to act. A positive attitude and a special voice are other signs that characterise the hairdresser who provides good service. The happy ideal is both reproduced and challenged from students in the hairdresser education. One conclusion is that an ideal service worker reinforces femininity norms to act as a professional, which is in line with the requirements of the hairdresser education and the customer’s and employers’ expectations. At the same time, the happy ideal limits students’ opportunities to challenge and question prevailing power structures, which is also part of the Swedish upper secondary school mission.

Since 2022, all teachers in Sweden must use a norm aware approach. Regardless of whether the educationtakes place at school or at a workplace, it must develop the students' abilities to critically examine how norms,values and structures can limit the power of women and men in society (Skolverket, 2022). Developing norm-criticality is particularly important for vocational education, since workplace cultures shaped over time aremore difficult to change (Hedlin & Åberg, 2013; Hedlin, 2014). Norms become problematic when they excludecertain students and reinforce prejudices or discrimination (Kärnebro, 2020). Teachers often lack awareness ofnorms (Skolinspektionen, 2018) and may support problematic patterns (Kontio & Evaldsson, 2015). Teachersmust counteract norms and patterns that limit their students’ learning, choices, and development (Skolverket,2022). VET teachers’ norm awareness is in this sense crucial for their students’ Bildung. We see that there is aneed for a validated tool for measuring teachers’ norm awareness, both in VET learning contexts and otherschool contexts. The NORM-survey will also give insights into how this concept relates to issues of importancein schools today, e.g., equity, justice, and democracy, as well as teachers’ relational competence (Aspelin2018).The NORM-survey will be distributed to VET teachers at several educational institutions in Sweden and Finlandduring 2023. The survey consists of 59 variables in total written in Swedish. It is based on the operationalisationof norm awareness in six themes (Blomberg, 2020), structured in accordance with levels of knowledge: 1)Values and readiness to act, 2) Declarative knowledge of norm awareness, 3) Procedural knowledge about howto act in accordance with norm awareness, 4) Conditional knowledge of norm aware strategies for dealing withsituational needs, 5) Collegial awareness and openness, and 6) Collegial support to address norm-based issues.The construct validity of survey will be tested using two types of factor analysis: exploratory and confirmatory(Taherdoost, 2016) to see if and how predefined themes can be found and if these are consistent acrosseducational contexts. The first, exploratory factor analysis, will explore all variance in the data set. The second,confirmatory factor analysis, will show whether the hypothesized factor structure of the levels of knowledge issupported by actual data (de Vet, Adèr, Terwee & Pouwer, 2005). Both discriminant and convergent validitywill be tested (Taherdoost, 2016).

References

Aspelin, J. (2018). Lärares relationskompetens: vad är det?: hur kan den utvecklas? Liber.Blomberg, N. (2020). Skapa plats: en normutmanande bok för en mer inkluderande skola. Ekvalita, Finland.https://ekvalitaeducation.fi/sv/skapaplats/ [2023-02-14]de Vet, H.C.W., Adèr, H.J., Terwee, C.B., & Pouwer, F. (2005). Are factor analytical techniques used appropriately in thevalidation of health status questionnaires? A systematic review on the quality of factor analysis of the SF-36. Quality of LifeResearch, 14: 1203–1218. DOI 10.1007/s11136-004-5742-3.Hedlin, M. (2014). When they’re practically crying out for men – An ethnographic study of male health and social carestudents’ minority position. Nordic studies in education, 34(1), 59-72.Hedlin, M., & Åberg, M. (2013). Vara med i gänget? Yrkessocialisation och genus i två gymnasieprogram. Rapport 2013:23.Institutet för arbetsmarknads- och utbildningspolitisk utvärdering (IFAU).Kontio, J., & Evaldsson, A-C. (2015). “Last year we used to call it a Man’s Hammer.” (Un)doing masculinity in everyday use ofworking tools within vocational education. International Journal for Masculinity Studies, 10 (1), 20–38.Kärnebro, K. (2020). ”Om man inte står ut med att folk driver med en då passar man inte in” I A. Panican (Red.),Yrkesutbildning på undantag? Att bryta den låga attraktionskraften (s. 383–415). Studentlitteratur.Skolinspektionen. (2018). Sex- och samlevnadsundervisning. https://www.skolinspektionen.se/beslut-rapporter-statistik/publikationer/kvalitetsgranskning/2018/sex--och-samlevnadsundervisning/ [2023-02-07]Skolverket. (2022). Nytt i läroplanens inledande delar 2022. https://www.skolverket.se/undervisning/kallsidor/nytt-i-laroplanernas-inledande-delar-2022#skvtableofcontent4567 [2023-02-07]Taherdoost, H. (2016). Validity and Reliability of the Research Instrument; How to Test the Validation of aQuestionnaire/Survey in a Research. International Journal of Academic Research in Management, 5.

The concepts glass escalator and glass ceiling have been widely used in studies of gender and organisations. In this paper we propose a novel metaphor to describe and analyse gender segregation and discrimination, that of aglass funnel. This concept does not relate to men and women as groups in the sense of fixed collective entities, but rather shows how taken-for-granted distinctions between men and women are reiterated and promote men in a way that downgrades women. However, as gender intersects with other power structures, both men and women can be propelled downwards through the funnelling motion made up of a market-oriented devaluation of the healthcare profession. Through an empirical investigation of the community of practice and gender regime of an upper secondary healthcare education programme in Sweden, we develop theglass funnelconcept, an analytical tool aiming to open up for intersectional analyses of healthcare education and work.

Sexual harassment by guests is part of the vocational culture in many workplaces within the hospitality industry. In this study, we investigate vocational students' descriptions of sexual harassment by guests in the hospitality industry and how these instances can be understood in terms of objectification. The empirical material consists of focus group interviews with upper secondary school students who are training to work in the hospitality industry. The students describe four categories of sexual harassment: appearance comments, private and intrusive questions, leering, and physical contact. In the descriptions, men are sexually harassing female students or employees. The types of objectification in the descriptions are reduction to appearance, reduction to body, instrumental approach, denial of autonomy, denial of bodily integrity, and denial of subjectivity. Regardless of the type of objectification involved, a dilemma arises for the girls who have been taught that being courteous to guests is part of the professional role, while the guests are treating them as sexual objects.

The purpose of this study was to investigate and analyse how young people's perceptions of sexual harassment and unwelcome flirting from customers in the hospitality industry are affected by the customer's age. Sixty-nine young women and men training for occupations in the hospitality industry were interviewed. The young people were 18-20 years old. The results show that the customer's age was crucial for how the participants perceived unwelcome sexual interest and advances. If the person who offends was a child, the behaviour could be described as harmless, innocent and thus not as sexual harassment. Unwelcome flirting by a young man towards a young woman of the same age could be perceived as sexual harassment, but at the same time it is in line with the heteronormative ideal and could be understood. When the customer was older, that is, a middle-aged man, the young people's descriptions of the occurrence were particularly negative.