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Growth layer and fibre orientation around knots in Norway spruce: a laboratory investigation
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4518-570X
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-6410-1017
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5319-4855
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2018 (English)In: Wood Science and Technology, ISSN 0043-7719, E-ISSN 1432-5225, Vol. 52, no 1, p. 7-27Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The strength of structural timber largely depends on the occurrence of knots and on the local material directions in the surroundings of such knots. There is, however, a lack of methods for establishing a full dataset of the local material directions. The present research aims at the development and application of a laboratory method to assess the geometry of growth layers and the orientation of fibres in a high-resolution 3D grid within wood specimens containing knots. The laboratory method was based on optical flatbed scanning and laser scanning, the former resulting in surface images and the latter, utilizing the tracheid effect, resulting in in-plane fibre angles determined in high-resolution grids on scanned surfaces. A rectangular solid wood specimen containing a single knot was cut from a tree in such a way that it could be assumed that a plane of symmetry existed in the specimen. By splitting the specimen through this plane through the centre line of the knot, two new specimens with assumed identical but mirrored properties were achieved. On one of the new specimens, the longitudinal-radial plane was subsequently scanned, and the longitudinal–tangential plane was scanned on the other. Then, by repeatedly planing off material on both specimens followed by scanning of the new surfaces that gradually appeared, 3D coordinate positions along different growth layers and 3D orientation of fibres in a 3D grid were obtained. Comparisons between detected fibre orientation and growth layer geometry were used for the assessment of the accuracy obtained regarding 3D fibre orientation. It was shown that the suggested method is well suited to capture growth layer surfaces and that it provides reliable information on 3D fibre orientation close to knots. Such knowledge is of great importance for understanding the properties of timber including knots. The quantitative data obtained are also useful for calibration of model parameters of general models on fibre orientation close to knots.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2018. Vol. 52, no 1, p. 7-27
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69631DOI: 10.1007/s00226-017-0952-3ISI: 000419587400001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85028777374OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-69631DiVA, id: diva2:1172033
Available from: 2018-01-09 Created: 2018-01-09 Last updated: 2020-05-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Studies of the fibre direction and local bending stiffness of Norway spruce timber: for application on machine strength grading
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Studies of the fibre direction and local bending stiffness of Norway spruce timber: for application on machine strength grading
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Machine strength grading is a production process in the sawmill industry used to grade sawn timber boards into different strength classes with specific characteristic values of the bending strength, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and density. These properties are called grade determining properties. Each of these is predicted on the basis of a statistical relationship between the property and a so-called indicating property (IP), which is based on non-destructively assessed board properties. In most cases, the prediction of strength is crucial for the grading. The majority of commercial grading machines rely on a statistical relationship of strength to an IP, which is either a global dynamic MOE or an averaged flatwise bending MOE measured over a board length of about one meter. The problem of today’s machine strength grading is that the accuracy of the strength prediction is rather poor with a coefficient of determination of about R2 ≈ 0.5 − 0.6. One consequence of this is that much of the strength potential of timber is unused.

The intention of this research is to contribute to a long-term goal, which is development of a method for prediction of bending strength that is more accurate than the methods available today. The research relies on three hypotheses. First, accurate prediction of bending strength can be achieved using an IP that is a localized MOE value (determined over a short length) that represents the lowest local bending stiffness of a board. Second, knowledge of the local bending stiffness with high resolution along a board’s longitudinal direction can be established on the basis of fibre direction within the board in combination with dynamic MOE. Third, fibre directions in the interior of a board can be determined by application of fibre angle models utilizing data of fibre directions on the board’s surfaces obtained from tracheid effect scanning. Following these hypotheses, this work has included laboratory investigations of local material directions, and development of models for fibre directions of the interior of boards. The work also included application of one-dimensional (1D) analytical models and three-dimensional (3D) finite element models of individual boards for the mechanical behaviour, analysis of mechanical response of boards based on experiments and based on the suggested models. Lastly, the suggested models were evaluated by comparisons of calculated and experimentally determined local bending stiffness along boards, and of predicted and experimentally determined bending strength.

The research contributes with in-depth knowledge on local fibre directions close to knots, and detailed information on variation of the local bending stiffness in boards. Moreover, fibre angle models for fibre directions in the interior of boards are presented. By application of the fibre angle models in the 3D model of the whole board, the local bending stiffness along timber boards can be determined over a very short length (l < 50 mm). A comparison with results determined on an experimental basis show a very close similarity implying that the applied models are sufficient to capture the variation of local bending stiffness, caused by knots and fibre distortions, with very high accuracy. Furthermore, it is found that by means of IPs derived using the suggested models, bending strength can be predicted with high accuracy. For a timber sample comprising 402 boards, such IPs results in coefficient of determination as high as R2 = 0.73. However, using IPs based on the 3D finite element model did not improve the R2 value achieved when using the IPs based on the 1D model.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2018
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 307
Keywords
digital image correlation, diving angle, fibre angle, grain angle, indicating property, laser scanning, modulus of elasticity, tracheid effect
National Category
Wood Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-69636 (URN)9789188761132 (ISBN)9789188761149 (ISBN)
Public defence
2018-02-01, N1017, Hus N, Växjö, 10:00
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2018-01-10 Created: 2018-01-09 Last updated: 2025-02-12Bibliographically approved
2. Modelling and strength grading of structural timber and glulam lamellae on the basis of optical scanning and dynamic excitation
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling and strength grading of structural timber and glulam lamellae on the basis of optical scanning and dynamic excitation
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Machine strength grading of sawn timber is a sawmill process in which density, modulus of elasticity (MOE) and bending or tensile strength are predicted such that the timber can be assigned to strength classes. The predictions of these properties are performed using one or several so-called indicating properties (IPs), which represent a board property, or combination of board properties, measured non-destructively. A limitation of today’s strength grading is that the IPs applied in the industry for prediction of strength, in general, are based on rather weak statistical relationships between IPs and strength properties, which in turn results in poor material utilisation. It is well known that the strength of sawn timber is associated with the presence of knots and their surrounding fibre disorientations. Local fibre direction at surfaces of softwood can be determined by means of the light scattering that occur when a wood surface is illuminated by a dot-laser, i.e. by application of the so-called tracheid effect. Lately, IPs based on such measurements have been developed, and some of the suggested IPs have a strong statistical relationship to bending strength. The purposes of the research presented in this thesis are to contribute with knowledge of possibilities and limitations of the tracheid effect and of data of fibre directions in the vicinity of knots, to evaluate if information of fibre directions at surfaces of Norway spruce sawn timber can be used to achieve a better material utilisation of glulam lamellae and finger-jointed timber, and to provide insight regarding the grading regulations in Europe. Results presented herein show that knots and fibre direction within the interior of boards can be modelled on the basis of data obtained by means of the tracheid effect, but also that a previously proposed method to determine out-of-plane fibre angles gives poor accuracy. As regards grading of glulam lamellae, an IP based on fibre directions and dynamic MOE is proposed for prediction of tensile strength. The latter is used when grading glulam lamellae. Application of the proposed IP resulted in substantially increased yield in strength classes. It is also shown that this IP is applicable for boards with sawn as well as with planed surface finish. Regarding current regulations for machine strength grading in Europe, results indicate that grading based on global board properties give higher yield than what is appropriate.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2020. p. 68
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 380/2020
Keywords
Fibre direction, finger joint, machine strength grading, knots, tracheid effect, Norway spruce
National Category
Other Civil Engineering
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Civil engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-94126 (URN)978-91-89081-47-5 (ISBN)978-91-89081-48-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-04-29, N1017, P G Vejdes väg, Växjö, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-05-04 Created: 2020-05-04 Last updated: 2025-02-25Bibliographically approved

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Hu, MinBriggert, AndreasOlsson, AndersJohansson, MarieOscarsson, JanSäll, Harald

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