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Deficiency syndromes in top predators associated with large-scale changes in the Baltic Sea ecosystem
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. UiT The Arctic University of Norway, Norway;Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Norway.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0183-2314
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4871-7441
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4910-5236
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Water. (Ctr Ecol & Evolut Microbial Model Syst EEMiS)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7155-3604
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2020 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 15, no 1, p. 1-21, article id e0227714Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Vitamin B1 (thiamin) deficiency is an issue periodically affecting a wide range of taxa worldwide. In aquatic pelagic systems, thiamin is mainly produced by bacteria and phytoplankton and is transferred to fish and birds via zooplankton, but there is no general consensus on when or why this transfer is disrupted. We focus on the occurrence in salmon (Salmo salar) of a thiamin deficiency syndrome (M74), the incidence of which is highly correlated among populations derived from different spawning rivers. Here, we show that M74 in salmon is associated with certain large-scale abiotic changes in the main common feeding area of salmon in the southern Baltic Sea. Years with high M74 incidence were characterized by stagnant periods with relatively low salinity and phosphate and silicate concentrations but high total nitrogen. Consequently, there were major changes in phytoplankton and zooplankton, with, e.g., increased abundances of Cryptophyceae, Dinophyceae, Diatomophyceae and Euglenophyceae and Acartia spp. during high M74 incidence years. The prey fish communities also had increased stocks of both herring and sprat in these years. Overall, this suggests important changes in the entire food web structure and nutritional pathways in the common feeding period during high M74 incidence years. Previous research has emphasized the importance of the abundance of planktivorous fish for the occurrence of M74. By using this 27-year time series, we expand this analysis to the entire ecosystem and discuss potential mechanisms inducing thiamin deficiency in salmon.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Public Library of Science , 2020. Vol. 15, no 1, p. 1-21, article id e0227714
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Ecology, Aquatic Ecology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91079DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0227714ISI: 000534341100034PubMedID: 31917814Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85077674077OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-91079DiVA, id: diva2:1387237
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 215-2012-1319Carl Tryggers foundation The Royal Swedish Academy of SciencesAvailable from: 2020-01-21 Created: 2020-01-21 Last updated: 2023-02-06Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Thiamin (vitamin B1) in the aquatic food web
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Thiamin (vitamin B1) in the aquatic food web
2019 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Thiamin (vitamin B1) is required for several life-sustaining processes in most organisms and cells, e.g. in the conversion of food to energy. It also serves as an antioxidant and is important for proper nerve signaling. Thiamin is produced predominantly by bacteria and phytoplankton in the aquatic food web. Not all bacteria and phytoplankton, nor any organisms in higher trophic levels can produce thiamin; instead, they rely on a continuous external supply and uptake of this essential compound. Thiamin deficiencies occur episodically in a wide range of taxa, especially in higher trophic levels. In the Baltic Sea, thiamin deficiencies has been most pronounced in salmon (Salmo salar) and recently deficiencies are also reported for other fish species and birds.

This thesis focuses on thiamin dynamics in lower trophic levels, covering primary producers as well as primary consumers, as this topic has not received much attention previously. Thiamin content of common phytoplankton and zooplankton species and the transfer between them was investigated in experiments and field studies. The relationship between thiamin deficiency and underlying environmental factors was also investigated using monitoring data.

Thiamin content differed among phytoplankton classes, species and even strains. Filamentous Cyanophyceae had considerably higher thiamin content than other classes. However, thiamin transfer to copepods was lower, probably associated with difficulties ingesting the filaments. Moreover, thiamin content in seston varied seasonally, being highest during summer when both Prymnesiophyceae and filamentous Cyanophyceae were more abundant. Thiamin content in the two size fractions correlated strongly and was always higher in the smaller size fraction, illustrating the importance of picoplankton and bacteria in the food web. Also, seston thiamin content was higher in the Baltic Proper than in the Skagerrak. Copepods differed in thiamin content among genera, as well as between locations. Acartia sp. had the highest thiamin content and copepods from the Skagerrak had higher levels than congeners from the Baltic Sea. Thiamin deficiency syndromes in salmon was associated with changes in all trophic levels, as well as changes in several abiotic variables.

In all, this thesis provides new insights on thiamin content and seasonal dynamics in various phytoplankton and zooplankton species, the transfer of this vitamin between trophic levels as well as the overall importance of thiamin in the aquatic food web.

Abstract [sv]

Tiamin (vitamin B1) är nödvändigt för flera livsuppehållande processer i cellerna hos det stora flertalet organismer, t.ex. vid omvandling av näring till energi. Vitaminet fungerar också som en antioxidant och är viktigt för korrekt nervfunktion. I den akvatiska födoväven produceras tiamin i första hand av bakterier och växtplankton. Dock inte av alla bakterier och växtplankton, utan dem, liksom organismer från högre trofiska nivåer, måste förlita sig på kontinuerlig tillgång samt upptag av detta livsviktiga ämne. Perioder av tiaminbrist har observerats i flera olika djurgrupper, speciellt i högre trofiska nivåer. I Östersjön har tiaminbrist varit mest utbrett i lax (Salmo salar) och har på senare tid även rapporterats för andra fiskarter och fåglar.

Denna avhandling fokuserar på dynamiken av tiamin i lägre trofiska nivåer, såsom primärproducenter men även primärkonsumenter eftersom den största delen av tidigare forskning fokuserat på de högre trofiska nivåerna. Tiamininnehållet i vanligt förekommande växt- och djurplankton samt överföringen av tiamin mellan de trofiska nivåerna har undersökts i både experiment och fältstudier. Sambandet mellan tiaminbrist och underliggande miljöfaktorer har även undersökts genom att flerårig övervakningsdata analyserats.

Tiaminnivåerna skiljde sig åt mellan olika växtplanktonklasser, mellan arter och även mellan olika isolat av samma art. Filamentösa (trådformiga) cyanobakterier hade betydligt högre tiamininnehåll än övriga växtplankton. Dock var överföringen av tiamin lägre från cyanobakterier till djurplankton jämfört med andra arter, förmodligen på grund av svårigheter att konsumera filamenten. I övrigt så varierade partikulärt bundet tiamin (s.k. seston) säsongsmässigt och var högst under sommaren när både Prymnesiophyceae och filamentösa cyanobakterier utgjorde en stor del av växtplanktonsamhället. Det var en stark korrelation mellan tiaminnivåerna i de två olika storleksfraktionerna av seston och det var alltid högre koncentrationer i den mindre fraktionen, vilket visar vikten av piko-plankton och bakterier i dynamiken av tiamin i den akvatiska födoväven. Seston från Östersjön hade också högre tiamininnehåll än seston från Skagerrak. Tiaminnivåerna i djurplankton skiljde sig åt mellan olika grupper och även mellan platser. Acartia sp. hade högst nivåer av tiamin och hoppkräftor från Skagerrak hade högre nivåer än individer från Östersjön. Slutligen visade analysen att utbrotten av tiaminbrist i lax var relaterade till flera abiotiska faktorer samt förändringar i samtliga trofiska nivåer.

Denna avhandling ger nya insikter kring koncentrationer och säsongsmässig dynamik av tiamin i olika växt- och djurplanktonarter, överföringen av detta vitamin mellan olika trofiska nivåer, samt betydelsen av tiamin i den akvatiska födoväven.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2019. p. 165
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 368
Keywords
phytoplankton, zooplankton, thiamin, transfer, food web dynamics, micronutrient, vitamin, Baltic Sea, community composition, M74, salmon, B1, växtplankton, djurplankton, tiamin, överföring, födoväv, mikronäringsämne, vitamin, Östersjön, B1, lax
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Natural Science, Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-90123 (URN)978-91-89081-12-3 (ISBN)978-91-89081-13-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2019-12-06, Fullriggaren (Ma135), Kalmar, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2019-11-17 Created: 2019-11-15 Last updated: 2024-02-21Bibliographically approved

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Majaneva, SannaFridolfsson, EmilLegrand, CatherineLindehoff, ElinNilsson, JonasHylander, Samuel

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