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Trace metal distribution and isotope variations in low-temperature calcite and groundwaters in granitoid fractures down to 1 km depth
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7230-6509
Terralogica AB, Gråbo, Sweden.
Göteborgs universitet.
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3585-2209
2012 (English)In: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, ISSN 0016-7037, E-ISSN 1872-9533, Vol. 84, p. 217-238Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Studies of low-temperature fracture calcite in Proterozoic or Archaean crystalline rocks are very limited, mainly becausethis calcite usually is, first, not very abundant and second, very fine-grained or forms rims on older (and much more abundant)hydrothermal calcite and is thus difficult to distinguish. Knowledge of chemical characteristics and the correlation withgroundwater chemistry is thus scarce for low-temperature calcite in these settings, and consequently, knowledge of the recentpalaeohydrogeological history is limited. Boreholes drilled with triple-tube technique in the upper 1 km of the Palaeoproterozoiccrystalline crust at Laxemar, SE Sweden, have enabled preservation of fragile and potentially recently formed fractureminerals. Earlier investigations of these boreholes have resulted in an extensive set of groundwater chemistry data from variousdepths, and in detailed knowledge of the fracture mineral assemblages (ranging from 1.8 Ga to present). This has made itpossible to identify and sample low-temperature, potentially recently formed, calcite from water-flowing fractures for whichrepresentative groundwater chemical data exists. This, in turn, provides an opportunity to detailed comparisons of fracturecalcite (age span in the order of million years, with possibility of post-glacial contributes) and groundwater (age in the order ofdecades to more than a million year depending on depth) in terms of both isotopic and geochemical properties, giving input tothe understanding of groundwater history, partition coefficients derived in laboratory experiment, and reliability of calcitegeochemistry in terms of representing the actual source fluid composition. In this study, the focus is on trace elements (Fe,Mg, Mn and Sr), stable isotopes and Sr isotopes and, for the groundwater data set, also aquatic speciation with Visual MINTEQ.An optimised step-by-step sample specific analytical procedure was used for the collection of calcite coatings. The methodsused depended on the crystal homogeneity (one or several calcite generations), discerned by detailed SEM-investigations(back-scatter and cathodo-luminescence). 87Sr/86Sr ratios as well as d18O signatures in calcite are in the range expected for theprecipitates from present-day groundwater, or older groundwater with similar composition (except in sections with a considerableportion of glacial water, where calcite definitely is older than the latest glaciation). Stable carbon isotopes in calcitegenerally show values typically associated with HCO3 originating from soil organic matter but at intermediate depth frequentlywith HCO3 originating from in situ microbial anaerobic oxidation of methane (highly depleted d13C). For one ofthe studied metals – manganese – there was a strong correlation between the sampled calcite coatings and hypothetical calcitepredicted by applying laboratory-based partition coefficients (literature data) on groundwater chemistry for sections correspondingto those where the calcites were sampled. This points to temporal and spatial stability in groundwater Mn/Ca ratiosover millions of years, or even more, and show that it is possible to assess, based on laboratory-derived data on Mn partitioning,past groundwater Mn-composition from fracture calcites. For other metals – Fe, Sr, and Mg – which are expected to interact with co-precipitating minerals to a higher degree than Mn, the correlations between measured and predicted calcitewere weaker for various reasons.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2012. Vol. 84, p. 217-238
National Category
Geochemistry
Research subject
Natural Science, Environmental Science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-30466DOI: 10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.039ISI: 000302770000016Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84859267580OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-30466DiVA, id: diva2:664857
Available from: 2013-11-18 Created: 2013-11-18 Last updated: 2021-05-05Bibliographically approved

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Drake, HenrikÅström, Mats E.

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