This chapter discusses the “elementary forms of ethnography” and an ethnographic imagination that can illuminate lived forms of schooling. These elementary forms include lived experience, cultural understanding, theory, or rather theorization, and social criticism. The chapter shows what a particular understanding of ethnography can do for a science of education understood as schooling. Ethnography is as old as the modern formation of sociology and science of education more than a hundred years ago. Ethnography is a vital tool to be used in the interrogation of schooling thus understood as a cultural fact involving or aiming at the willing consent of pupils to achieve its purposes. At the heart of education as schooling as a cultural fact pure and simple is teaching and learning. Moreover, teaching and learning as schooling need to be grasped in their indispensible relationship.