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Radiometrical and physico-chemical characterisation of contaminated glass waste from a glass dump in Sweden
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. (Environmental Science and Engineering Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9012-1847
University of Gothenburg, Sweden;University of Seville, Spain.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1906-8625
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. (Environmental Science and Engineering Group)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-8906-9271
University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2020 (English)In: Chemosphere, ISSN 0045-6535, E-ISSN 1879-1298, Vol. 241, p. 1-10, article id 124964Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Around former glass factories in south eastern Sweden, there are dozens of dumps whose radioactivity and physico-chemical properties were not investigated previously. Thus, radiometric and physico-chemical characteristics of waste at Madesjö glass dump were studied to evaluate pre-recycling storage requirements and potential radiological and environmental risks. The material was sieved, hand-sorted, leached and scanned with X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF). External dose rates and activity concentrations of Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials from 238U, 232Th series and 40K were also measured coupled with a radiological risk assessment. Results showed that the waste was 95% glass and dominated by fine fractions (< 11.3 mm) at 43.6%. The fine fraction had pH 7.8, 2.6% moisture content, 123 mg kg-1 Total Dissolved Solids, 37.2 mg kg-1 Dissolved Organic Carbon and 10.5 mg kg-1 fluorides. Compared with Swedish EPA guidelines, the elements As, Cd, Pb and Zn were in hazardous concentrations while Pb leached more than the limits for inert and non-hazardous wastes. With 40K activity concentration up to 3000 Bq kg-1, enhanced external dose rates of 40K were established (0.20 mSv h-1) although no radiological risk was found since both External Hazard Index (Hex) and Gamma Index (Iγ) were < 1. The glass dump needs remediation and storage of the waste materials under a safe hazardous waste class ‘Bank Account’ storage cell as a secondary resource for potential future recycling.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2020. Vol. 241, p. 1-10, article id 124964
Keywords [en]
Glass waste, Physico-chemical characterisation, Fine fraction, NORM, Dose rates, Risk assessment
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Science, Environmental technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-89504DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124964ISI: 000509791600088PubMedID: 31604195Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85072939326OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-89504DiVA, id: diva2:1359343
Funder
Swedish Radiation Safety Authority, SSM 2017-1074Vinnova, 2016-05279Available from: 2019-10-09 Created: 2019-10-09 Last updated: 2023-02-01Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Landfill mining approach for resource recovery from glass dumps into the circular economy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Landfill mining approach for resource recovery from glass dumps into the circular economy
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Landfills and open dumps have been the most cost-effective waste disposal option, resulting in over 500,000 landfills and dumps in the EU alone. They pose significant environmental and health threats due to emission of toxic gases and release of persistent contaminants to soil and groundwater, triggering a considerable global economic impact annually. Contrariwise, since they have been the ultimate end-of-life sink for materials over time, dumpsites are potential secondary resource reservoirs whose recovery could offset their impacts. However, resource recovery is impeded by the heterogeneous nature and contamination of the wastes, and thus uncertainty about availability and efficiency of recovery techniques. This thesis, therefore, proposes techniques that could improve excavated material quality and enhance their recovery as potential secondary resources for the circular economy.

Waste from glass dumps in south-eastern Sweden was characterised to evaluate safe handling, pre-recycling storage requirements, and suitability for resource recovery or disposal. The dumps were mapped with Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) before excavation to detect glass locations and enhance recovery. Furthermore, metal extraction from the recovered glass was assessed using a combination of mechanical activation of the glass and leaching with acids and biodegradable chelating agents. The waste required safe pre-recycling storage in hazardous waste class ‘bank account’ cells due to hazardous concentrations of leachable As, Cd, Pb, Sb and Zn. The waste obtained was also highly heterogeneous, although its recycling could not pose any radiological risks. However, application of ERT as a pre-excavation tool improved excavated material composition and secured a more homogeneous, recyclable fraction (>87% glass). Subsequently, leaching of the homogeneous glass fraction achieved Pb extraction efficiency of 78%, 64% and 42% for HNO3, EDDS and NTA respectively, at low leachant concentrations. The extraction was enhanced by the mechanical activation step, as comparison between activated and inactivated samples showed a 1200% difference in extraction.

The findings in this thesis highlight dumped waste as a resource whose recovery requires integrating the landfill mining approach with techniques that enhance material quality and extraction efficiency to ensure a resource-secure circular economy and decontaminated ecosystems.

Abstract [sv]

Deponier och öppna soptippar har varit det mest kostnadseffektiva alternativet för avfallshantering, vilket resulterade i över 500 000 deponier och soptippar bara inom EU. Dessa utgör stora miljö- och hälsorisker på grund av utsläpp av giftiga gaser och frigör föroreningar till mark och grundvatten, vilket årligen skapar betydande, globala ekonomiska konsekvenser. Eftersom de har varit det ultimata slutet för material över tid, så är deponier och soptippar potentiella, sekundära resursbehållare vars återvinning kan kompensera deras negativa effekter. Resursåtervinning hindras emellertid av den heterogena naturen hos, och förekommande föroreningar i, avfallet, vilket därmed skapar osäkerhet om återhämtnings-teknikernas tillgänglighet och effektivitet. Föreliggande avhandling föreslår därför tekniker som kan förbättra de utgrävda materialens kvalitet och förbättra deras återvinning som potentiella, sekundära resurser i den cirkulära ekonomin.

Avfall från glas-deponier i sydöstra Sverige karakteriserades för att utvärdera säker hantering, uppfylla lagringskrav för återvinning och lämplighet för resursåtervinning eller bortskaffande. Deponierna kartlades före utgrävningen med Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) för att identifiera platser med homogena glasfraktioner och förbättra återvinningen. Vidare utvärderades metallexstraktion från det utvunna glaset med användning av en kombination av mekanisk aktivering av glaset och urlakning med syror och biologiskt nedbrytbara kelatbildare. Avfallet krävde säker återvinnings-lagring i ”bankkonto-celler" för farligt avfall på grund av farliga koncentrationer av lakningsbara ämnen såsom As, Cd, Pb, Sb och Zn. Det erhållna avfallet var mycket heterogent, men återvinning kunde ändå inte påvisa några radiologiska risker. Användningen av ERT som ett identifikationsverktyg förbättrade emellertid den utgrävda materialkompositionen och säkerställde en mer homogen, återvinningsbar fraktion (>87% glas). Därefter uppnåddes urlakning av den homogena glasfraktionen en Pb-extraktionseffektivitet på 78%, 64% och 42% för HNO3, EDDS respektive NTA, vid låg lakningsmedel-koncentration. Extraktionen förbättrades genom det mekaniska aktiveringssteget, eftersom jämförelse mellan aktiverade och inaktiverade prover uppvisade en skillnad på 1200% i extraktion.

Resultaten i denna avhandling belyser deponerat avfall som en resurs vars återvinning kräver att integrera landfill mining-metoder med tekniker som förbättrar materialkvaliteten och utvinningseffektiviteten för att säkerställa en resurs-säker cirkulär ekonomi och dekontaminerade ekosystem.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2020. p. 70
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 381/2020
Keywords
Resource recovery, landfill mining, hazardous waste, hydrometallurgical extraction, geophysical mapping, circular economy, Återvinning av resurser, gruvdrift, farligt avfall, hydrometallurgisk utvinning, geofysisk kartläggning, cirkulär ekonomi
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Natural Science, Environmental Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-93643 (URN)978-91-89081-50-5 (ISBN)978-91-89081-51-2 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-05-08, Fullriggaren (MA 135), Landgången 3, 392 31, Kalmar, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-04-21 Created: 2020-04-21 Last updated: 2024-02-28Bibliographically approved

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Mutafela, Richard N.Jani, YahyaHogland, William

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