In this Special Issue, we would like to emphasize the tremendous success in the application of quantum theory to modeling of cognition and decision making. Our idea is to represent both genuine quantum physical models and quantum-like models. The quantum models describe, in particular, the transition from quantum physical processes in the brain to cognition, consciousness, and decision-making, but not only: other applications, to different realms of science, are also interesting and successful. The quantum-like models do not refer necessarily explicitly to quantum physics. These models are based on operational exploration of the methodology and formalism of quantum theory.