In the paper, the physical and chemical parameters which are determining the durability of pre-tensioned concrete railway sleepers are presented. To the physical parameters the adhesion between prestressing reinforcement and concrete, which depends on the technology of pre-tensioned railway sleepers production was presented. The sleepers produced according to these technologies differ significantly in bearing capacity and cracking resistance. Experimental investigations have shown that the most advantageous properties are obtained when the button head anchorages of the prestressing wires are applied, according to the BBRV method; the bearing capacity of the rail seat zone for such railway sleepers exceeds the capacity of other types of sleepers even more than 35%. The most important chemical parameters is the content of soluble sodium and potassium in cement, which is assuring the concentration lower than 400 mmoles/L for heat treatment of concrete sleepers at a temperature not exceeding 70 °C. At a temperature not exceeding 50°C it should be 600 mmoles/L of concrete pore solution. It assures the stability of ettringite in concrete at a given temperature. These concentrations of sodium and potassium hydroxides should be calculated for known concrete composition and determining the content of soluble Na2Oe in concrete ingredients.