In this introductory chapter, the background of this book is explained. The main themes are the understanding of knowledge and equity based on the task of the school in a democratic society. Democracy is not only a form of government but also a way of coexisting in society that is simultaneously being challenged; some challenges are discussed here. The studies presented in this book have a common basis in curriculum theory. They apply and develop concepts of curriculum theory on analyses of current curriculum models and classroom activities to better understand school and life in the classroom as part of a larger societal perspective. In the third part of this chapter, an overview of chapters in the book is presented.