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Is color polymorphism more common in diurnal or nocturnal animals?
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. Linneuniversitetet.
2022 (English)Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
Abstract [en]

Polymorphism is found in most organism groups and has evolved as a result of the combined effects of several factors. Depending on different evolutionary drives, the organism might, or might not, have developed variable coloration or color polymorphism. One factor that may influence the evolution of animal color patterns is the light conditions during the time of the day (night, day, dusk or dawn) in which the organism is active. In this study, 10963 species of birds, 161 species of butterflies, 1137 species of moths, 423 species of lizards and 125 species of snakes have been used to test if color polymorphism/variation is more common in diurnal, nocturnal or crepuscular species. The results show that in birds, color polymorphism is more common in nocturnal species compared to diurnal species. In lizards color variation is more common in nocturnal and crepuscular species compared to diurnal, whereas no significant difference was found in the distribution of variable and non-variable coloration between nocturnal or crepuscular snakes compared to diurnal snakes. In moths, variable coloration tended to be more common in species that were either nocturnal or both nocturnal and diurnal compared to species that were only diurnal, but the difference fell short of the traditional significance level (p = 0.053). It seems to be generally applicable across organism groups that there is no general association of color polymorphism and variable coloration with nocturnal behavior. Suggesting that evolutionary modifications of color patterns in response to activity patterns are context specific and influenced also by competing demands and other biological and ecological characteristics. For example, in ectothermic organisms thermoregulation might be the biggest contributing factor to color variation. Also behavior strategies like  if the organisms hide or stay exposed during times of rest could contribute to if the species show polymorphism.

Abstract [sv]

Polymorfism kan hittas i merparten organismgrupper och har evolutionärt utvecklats av en rad olika faktorer. Olika evolutionära och ekologiska betingelser har lett till om organismen i fråga har utvecklat polymorfism eller ej. Till exempel kan en drivande faktor vara ljusförhållandena när organismen är aktiv, (alltså om djuret är aktiv under natt, dag, skymning eller gryning), som kan spela en avgörande roll. I denna studie användes 10963 olika arter av fåglar, 161 arter av fjärilar, 1137 arter av nattfjärilar, 423 arter av ödlor och 125 olika arter av ormar för att testa om färg- polymorfism/variation är vanligare i nattaktiva eller dagaktiva arter. Resultaten visar på att polymorfism är vanligare hos nattaktiva fåglar än hos dagaktiva. Färgvariation hos ödlor som är aktiva natt och skymning/gryning har mer färgvariation än de dagaktiva. Men ingen signifikant skillnad hittades på färgvariation mellan nattaktiva och skymning/gryning aktiva ormar, jämfört med de ormar som var aktiva under dagen. Inte heller hittades ett signifikant resultat på färgvariation hos de nattfjärilar som var aktiva natt eller både dag och natt, jämfört med de nattfjärilar som bara var aktiva på dagen. Resultaten indikerar att det inte finns en generell regel som kan appliceras på alla eller merparten organismgrupper för att polymorfism vore kopplat till djurets aktivitetsmönster. Istället kan eventuellt termoreglering vara en bidragande faktor som styr förekomsten av polymorfism hos ektoterma djur, (som ödlor ormar och insekter), eller djurets beteende att gömma sig eller exponera sig under perioder av vila.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2022. , p. 20
Keywords [en]
Animal coloration, Color pattern variation, Crepuscular, Diurnal, Evolution, Nocturnal, Polymorphism, Birds, Lizards, Snakes, Moths, Butterflies, Activity patterns
National Category
Evolutionary Biology Biological Sciences Natural Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-116252OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-116252DiVA, id: diva2:1695526
Subject / course
Biology
Educational program
Biology Programme, 180 credits
Supervisors
Examiners
Available from: 2022-09-15 Created: 2022-09-14 Last updated: 2022-09-15Bibliographically approved

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