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Regeneration measures in time and space: Site preparation, planting and digital tools
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology. Skogforsk, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2156-6615
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Abstract [en]

Regeneration success depends on decisions made based on factors on aregional, site, and microenvironmental level. Therefore, understanding andmapping of such factors between and within sites can guide decisions forbetter seedling establishment. Thus, the aim of this thesis was to findcombinations of regeneration measures that result in low seedling mortalityand high growth. Additionally, to explore the potential of digital tools inregeneration planning. Aims were handled using field experiments and asurvey, by integrating digital tools in the analysis and experimental set-up.

Increased precipitation and decreased air temperatures between April andOctober during the planting year lowered seedling mortality. Planting inmineral soil also lowered the mortality rate, which emphasized theimportance of planting and site preparation quality (Paper I). Selection ofsite preparation method was found to be of minor importance. The sitepreparation’s ability to create suitable planting spots was most important forseedling survival and growth. Selection of site preparation affected soildisturbance, and natural regeneration was promoted with all methods usedin the experiments (Paper II). Adapting planting position choice, followingsite preparation, to within-site variation was valuable to decrease mortalityrates and promote growth (Paper II-III). In wet conditions, elevatedplanting positions were advantageous compared to lower ones, but moreflexibility could be applied in drier conditions. Norway spruce, Scots pine,and silver birch reacted differently to planting position choice (Paper III).Paper I-III indicated that digital tools could be used in regenerationplanning. A depth-to-water-raster successfully explained seedling mortalityand growth in the extreme ends of the soil moisture spectrum. Using remotesensing derived variables can be valuable for further mapping andunderstanding of between and within-site variation in future regenerationplanning. There were no long-term negative effects on stand productivityafter 30 years following site preparation. The standing volume was largestafter ploughing but disc trenching and mounding also had higher standingvolume than the unscarified control (Paper IV). I conclude that regenerationdecisions made today, regarding species selection and regeneration method,should strive for increased precision for the benefit of the forests oftomorrow.

Abstract [sv]

För att lyckas med föryngringsåtgärder krävs beslut baserade på faktorer påregional, bestånds och mikromiljönivå. Därför kan förståelse ochkartläggning av dessa faktorer mellan och inom bestånd vägleda beslut föratt säkerställa god plantetablering. Syftet med denna avhandling var såledesatt hitta kombinationer av föryngringsmetoder som resulterar i lågplantmortalitet och hög tillväxt. Därutöver, utforska potentialen föranvändning av digitala verktyg i föryngringsplanering. Syftena behandladesgenom en användning av fältexperiment och en fältundersökning, genom attintegrera digitala verktyg i analyser och försöksutlägg.

En ökning i nederbörd och lägre lufttemperatur mellan april och oktoberunder planteringsåret sänkte plantmortaliteten. Plantering i mineraljordledde också till lägre mortalitet, vilket visar på betydelsen av planteringensoch markberedningens kvalitet. Valet av markberedningsmetod hademindre betydelse. Det viktigaste för överlevnad och tillväxt varmarkberedningens förmåga att skapa bra planteringspunkter.Markstörningen påverkades av valet av markberedningsmetod och naturligföryngring gynnades av alla använda metoder i försöken. Att anpassa valetav planteringsposition, efter utförd markberedning, tillståndortsförhållanden var värdefullt för att minska mortaliteten och gynnatillväxten. Upphöjda positioner var fördelaktiga när förhållandena var blötamen valet kunde vara mer fritt när det blev torrare. Gran, tall, och björkreagerade olika på valet av planteringsposition. Artikel I-III indikerade attdigitala verktyg skulle kunna användas i föryngringsplanering. Ett depth-towater-raster förklarade plantmortaliteten och tillväxten i de extrema delarnaav markfuktighetsskalan. Användningen av fjärranalysvariabler kan blivärdefullt för fortsatt kartläggning och förståelse av ståndortsvariationmellan och inom bestånd i framtida föryngringsplanering. Markberedningledde inte till några negativa effekter på produktionsförmågan. Volymen varstörst efter hyggesplöjning men harvning och högläggning visade ocksåhögre stående volym än den omarkberedda kontrollen. Min slutsats är attföryngringsbeslut idag, angående trädslagsval och föryngringsmetoder, börsträva mot ökad precision för att gynna morgondagens skogar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2023. , p. 62
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 489
Keywords [en]
Betula pendula, microsite, Picea abies, Pinus contorta, Pinus sylvestris, planting, regeneration, site preparation, remote sensing
Keywords [sv]
Betula pendula, mikromiljö, Picea abies, Pinus contorta, Pinus sylvestris, föryngring, plantering, markberedning, fjärranalys
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120438DOI: 10.15626/LUD.489.2023ISBN: 9789180820196 (print)ISBN: 9789180820202 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-120438DiVA, id: diva2:1753095
Public defence
2023-05-26, N1017, Hus N, Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-04-26 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Modelling seedling mortality: An exploratory study using field and digital data
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Modelling seedling mortality: An exploratory study using field and digital data
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120434 (URN)
Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2024-12-18
2. Successful spruce regenerations: impact of site preparation and the use of variables from digital elevation models in decision-making
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Successful spruce regenerations: impact of site preparation and the use of variables from digital elevation models in decision-making
2022 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0282-7581, E-ISSN 1651-1891, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 33-44Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Various site preparation methods are used in Swedish forestry. However, some methods can lead to unnecessary disturbance, which could be avoided by using variables from digital elevation models in management decisions. The current study aimed to investigate how different site preparation methods, and their intensities, affect Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) regeneration. Additional aims were to clarify how these methods affect soil disturbance and vegetation development, along with how variables from digital elevation models could be used in silvicultural decision-making. Experimental sites were established in southern Sweden to assess five different site preparation treatments with different planting densities: (1) conventional disc trenching 2500 seedlings/ha (DT2500); (2) low intensity disc trenching 1250 seedlings/ha (LDT1250); (3) low intensity disc trenching 2500 seedlings/ha (LDT2500); (4) low-intensity patch-wise 1250 seedlings/ha (PW1250); and (5) patch-wise 2500 seedlings/ha (PW2500). Site preparation intensity had no effect on seedling growth and, survival or vegetation development; the tested treatments differed in terms of soil disturbance. Planting spot properties and weather conditions influenced the seedling performance. DTW and slope could not substantially explain either seedling growth or survival. The results indicate that the choice of site preparation method should consider flexibility when planting while adapting the level of disturbance accordingly.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2022
Keywords
Disturbance, depth-to-water, Norway spruce, regeneration, site preparation
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-109871 (URN)10.1080/02827581.2022.2028895 (DOI)000747325800001 ()2-s2.0-85124102031 (Scopus ID)2022 (Local ID)2022 (Archive number)2022 (OAI)
Available from: 2022-01-26 Created: 2022-01-26 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
3. Within-site adaptation: Growth and mortality of Norway spruce, Scots pine and Silver birch seedlings in different planting positions across a soil moisture gradient
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Within-site adaptation: Growth and mortality of Norway spruce, Scots pine and Silver birch seedlings in different planting positions across a soil moisture gradient
2023 (English)In: Silva Fennica, ISSN 0037-5330, E-ISSN 2242-4075, Vol. 57, no 3, article id 23004Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Adapting to site conditions is a central part of forest regeneration and can be done through selection of different planting positions. Requirements are tree species specific, and the use of soil moisture maps could be a way to support decision making in forest regeneration planning. At two experimental sites with varying soil moisture conditions in southern Sweden Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), and silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) seedlings were planted in four different planting positions following mounding site preparation; Depression, Hinge, Mound and Unscarified. Soil moisture estimates were obtained from a high-resolution depth-to-water raster for each planting spot. The effect of soil moisture, planting position and their interactions on mortality, height and diameter was evaluated for each tree species. In wet conditions mounds proved to be the best option to minimize seedling mortality for conifers, but with decreasing soil moisture, differences between the planting positions decreased. Birch on the other hand had the greatest survival in the hinge. The coniferous species displayed increased height and diameter when planted in mounds independent of the soil moisture conditions, whereas silver birch was less dependent on a specific planting position. Results from this study shows that a soil moisture map can explain mortality, height and diameter and thus can be a useful tool when choosing planting position in different soil moisture conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Finnish Society of Forest Science, 2023
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120435 (URN)10.14214/sf.23004 (DOI)001127588000005 ()2-s2.0-85172308210 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2024-08-28Bibliographically approved
4. Effects of mechanical site preparation and slash removal on long-term productivity of conifer plantations in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of mechanical site preparation and slash removal on long-term productivity of conifer plantations in Sweden
2019 (English)In: Canadian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0045-5067, E-ISSN 1208-6037, Vol. 49, no 10, p. 1311-1319Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mechanical site preparation is commonly used to increase survival and early growth of newly planted seedlings. Ideally, any early positive effects of site preparation should persist for a long time, but concerns have been raised as to whether intensive site preparation might have a negative effect on the long-term productivity of a stand. The present study was therefore designed to investigate the long-term effects of different site-preparation methods on productivity and determine any possible interactions with tree species and site fertility. In the 1980s, a randomized block experiment was established at sites throughout Sweden. Four site-preparation methods of various intensities were performed on different sites: (i) an untreated control, (ii) disc trenching, (iii) mounding, and (iv) ploughing. As a complementary treatment, slash was either retained or removed from some plots. Depending on soil moisture class, geographical position, and site index, Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), or lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Douglas ex Loudon) were planted in pure stands. Growth variables such as height and diameter were measured during the first years after establishment. After about 30 years, these variables were remeasured at the level of individual trees. Overall, an increased production of the planted trees after site preparation was found. Neither intensive site preparation (such as ploughing) nor slash removal had any negative effect on the long-term productivity of these experimental stands.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Canadian Science Publishing, 2019
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120433 (URN)10.1139/cjfr-2019-0081 (DOI)000487999300013 ()2-s2.0-85072888650 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-04-25 Created: 2023-04-25 Last updated: 2023-05-29Bibliographically approved

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  • nn-NB
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