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Unpacking the Welfare Technology Solution Discourse: An analysis of society’s perceptions of formal and informal care of older people
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1601-5533
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Alternative title
Välfärdsteknik för äldre och deras anhöriga : En analys av samhällets syn på vård och omsorg för äldre och anhörigas roll sett genom diskursen om välfärdstekniska lösningar (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

The overarching aim of this thesis is to examine how the welfare technology solution discourse can provide insights into society’s views of formal and informal care for older people.  

The thesis employs a qualitative inductive design based on social constructionism and discourse analysis. The studies illuminated the welfare technology solution discourse from the angle of international research (Study I), Swedish local policy (Study II), local politicians (Study III) and older adults represented by pensioners’ organisations (Study IV). The temporal demarcations were from 2013-2022. The studies made use of the following research methods: scoping review (I), poststructural policy analysis (II), poststructural interview analysis (III) and focus group interviews (IV). The findings were derived from narrative descriptions and interpretations of the empirical data supported by previous empirical, theoretical and grey literature in the field. 

The findings highlighted that the welfare technology solution discourse focused on prevention in order to keep older people active and independent and thereby avoid further increases in demands for formal care. Health was positioned as a means to achieve that goal and as an individual responsibility for the older person her/himself. Passive remote monitoring, gaming and digital leisure activities were considered to be part of “good” care, while participation and inclusion were downplayed.

Informal carers were positioned as part of the older person’s social sphere, a position that ignores the help, support and/or care they provide to their elder family member or friend on a weekly or even daily basis. The discourse did not include any welfare technology to support or facilitate participation by informal carers. The reviewed empirical literature (I) and policy documents (II) did not take up the issue of health inequalities among older people and their informal carers to any great extent. 

The pensioners’ organisations viewed the discourse with concern, cautioning about an increased gap between those digitally included and those excluded in what they perceived as a “harsh and impersonal society”. They positioned informal carers as crucial for the older person’s security and wellbeing. 

The thesis challenges the conceptualisation of health in old age as an individual enterprise and argues that interventions using welfare technology for older people need to be targeted towards participation and facilitate reciprocal relationships between all parties involved. Further, informal care needs to be further lifted on the political agenda to illuminate informal carers’ role in the provision of informal care of older people within the modern welfare state in Sweden. 

Abstract [sv]

Syftet med avhandlingen är att undersöka hur diskursen om välfärdstekniska lösningar kan spegla samhällets syn på vård och omsorg för äldre och anhörigas roll. 

Avhandlingen har en kvalitativ induktiv design baserad på socialkonstruktionism och diskursanalys. I fyra delstudier belystes diskursen om välfärdsteknik sett genom internationell forskning (I), svenska kommunala policydokument (II), intervjuer med lokalpolitiker i rollen som ordförande i vård och omsorgsnämnd (III) och genom gruppen äldre representerade av Pensionärernas Riksorganisation PRO och SPF Seniorerna (IV). Avhandlingen avgränsas tidsmässigt av perioden från 2013–2022. Studierna använde följande metoder: Scoping Review (I), Poststrukturell policyanalys (II), Poststrukturell intervjuanalys (III) och Fokusgrupper (IV). Resultaten härleddes från narrativa beskrivningar och tolkningar av empiriska data med stöd av tidigare forskning inom området.

Resultaten i delstudierna visade att diskursen om välfärdstekniska lösningar fokuserade på förebyggande åtgärder för fysisk aktivitet och självständighet för äldre. Övergripande målsättning var att undvika ökade vårdbehov hos äldre. Hälsa sågs som ett medel för att uppnå detta mål och som den äldres egna ansvar. Övervakning på distans, gaming och digitala tidsfördriv betraktades som god vård, medan det saknades välfärdsteknik som möjliggjorde delaktighet och inflytande , inte minst för äldre med mer omfattande behov av vård och omsorg.

 Lokalpolitikerna positionerade anhöriga i den sociala sfären, t ex. som någon som kommer förbi på söndagen för kaffe och en stunds samvaro. Detta är problematiskt eftersom den positioneringen bortser från och osynliggör anhörigas insatser i form av regelbunden vård, hjälp eller stöd till den närstående. Det saknades välfärdsteknik med mål att ge direkt stöd och underlätta deltagande i vården för anhöriga.

Varken forskning eller policy problematiserade ojämlikheter i hälsa för äldre och deras anhöriga i relation till välfärdsteknik.

Pensionärsföreningarna positionerade anhöriga i ett mycket annorlunda ljus. De såg anhöriga som en mycket värdefull tillgång, närmast ovärderliga för den äldre. Enligt pensionärsorganisationerna var det anhöriga som överbryggade klyftan när välfärdens tjänster levererades via digitala kanaler, som hjälpte till när välfärdstekniken krånglade. Vikten av anhöriga underströks ytterligare i pensionärsorganisationernas klart uttryckta oro för de äldre som helt saknade anhöriga. 

Avhandlingen ifrågasätter positionering av hälsa som ett individuellt ansvar för äldre och argumenterar för att interventioner med välfärdsteknik för äldre bör fokusera på att möjliggöra delaktighet och underlätta upprätthållande av ömsesidiga relationer. Dessutom behöver anhörig-frågan lyftas upp på den politiska agendan för att synliggöra anhörigas roll i välfärdsstaten.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2023. , p. 158
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 495
Keywords [en]
Welfare technology, discourse, older people, informal carers, informal care, elder care, policy analysis, local health and social care policy of older people, Nordic welfare state model, healthy ageing
Keywords [sv]
Välfärdsteknik, diskurs, äldre, anhöriga, anhörigomsorg, närstående, policy-analys, äldreomsorg, lokal policy, pensionärsorganisationerna, välfärdsstaten, hälsosamt åldrande
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health and Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120857DOI: 10.15626/LUD.495.2023ISBN: 9789180820325 (print)ISBN: 9789180820332 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-120857DiVA, id: diva2:1758316
Public defence
2023-06-16, Azur, Hus Vita, Kalmar, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-05-22 Created: 2023-05-22 Last updated: 2024-03-20Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Ambient Assisted Living technology-mediated interventions for older people and their informal carers in the context of healthy ageing: A scoping review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Ambient Assisted Living technology-mediated interventions for older people and their informal carers in the context of healthy ageing: A scoping review
2021 (English)In: Health Science Reports, E-ISSN 2398-8835, Vol. 4, no 1, article id e225Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background and aims There is a growing demand for health and social care services to provide technology‐mediated interventions that promote the health and well‐being of older people with health or care needs and of their informal carers. The objectives of this study were to scope and review the nature and extent of prior intervention studies involving ambient assisted living technology‐mediated interventions for older people and their informal carers, and how and in what ways (if any) the goals and aims of these interventions reflected the domains of the World Health Organization framework for healthy ageing.

Methods We conducted a scoping review. Data were collected between June and October 2018 with an updated search in October 2020. A total of 85 articles were eligible for inclusion.

Results Nine categories described the aims and content of the included studies. The healthy ageing domain “Ability to meet basic needs” was mirrored in four categories, whereas “Ability to contribute to society” was not addressed at all.

Conclusion The ways in which domains of healthy ageing are mirrored suggest that there is an emphasis on individual factors and individual responsibility, and a lack of attention given to broader, environmental factors affecting healthy ageing. Only a few of the studies used a dyadic approach when assessing health outcomes concerning older people and their informal carers.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2021
Keywords
aged, aged 80 and over, ambient assisted living technology, caregivers, health services for the aged, healthy aging
National Category
Nursing Health Care Service and Management, Health Policy and Services and Health Economy Other Health Sciences
Research subject
Health and Caring Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-99740 (URN)10.1002/hsr2.225 (DOI)000672475300009 ()33392394 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85102111939 (Scopus ID)2021 (Local ID)2021 (Archive number)2021 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-12-29 Created: 2020-12-29 Last updated: 2023-08-16Bibliographically approved
2. Keeping the older population and their informal carers healthy and independent using digital technology: a discourse analysis of local policy
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Keeping the older population and their informal carers healthy and independent using digital technology: a discourse analysis of local policy
2024 (English)In: Ageing & Society, ISSN 0144-686X, E-ISSN 1469-1779, Vol. 44, no 4, p. 812-842Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The general discourse in health and social care policy purports digital technology as necessary to meet growing demands for long-term care and health care as a result of an ageing population. This needs critical investigation since public policy influences people's health and wellbeing. This study aims to interrogate critically what we call the ‘digital technology solution’ discourse in local Swedish health and social care policies. The main concern of our analysis is the discursive constructions of older people and their informal carers and how the concept of health is constructed. A discourse analysis was conducted of 61 local policy documents using the ‘What's the Problem Represented to Be’ method. Our analysis revealed that so-called ‘e-health strategies’ were rarely concerned with health. Health was often referred to as an activity and seen as a means to achieve independence among older people. The norm advocated independence, with the responsibility placed upon the older person, supported by digital technology. Informal carers were constructed as a resource within an older person's environment and largely taken for granted. We argue that the digital solution discourse ignores older people's agency and capacities as contributors to society, not least with regards to being providers of informal care.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cambridge University Press, 2024
Keywords
ageing, informal care, digital technology, policy, discourse, health and social care, welfare state
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health and Caring Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-113164 (URN)10.1017/s0144686x22000514 (DOI)000800041200001 ()
Funder
Linnaeus University
Available from: 2022-05-31 Created: 2022-05-31 Last updated: 2024-04-23Bibliographically approved

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