Globalization has brought about a change in the way of doing business such that business owners in various countries, including emerging markets, can transact beyond their borders. This has led to an increase in studies on how these firms carry out their international businesses. However, these studies have mostly focused on developed economies, while research on emerging markets lacks adequate attention. With the foregoing, this study aims to fill the existing research gap by investigating the internationalization challenges faced by SMEs within the agriculture sector in Nigeria and India. The study also seeks to find out about the role that governmental institutions play to support the internationalization process of these agricultural SMEs. This research was based on qualitative methodology, and interviews were conducted with five companies from each country, making a total of ten case companies.The study finds that both countries face similar challenges such as corruption, financial constraints, mismanagement, import surges, competition, sanitary and phytosanitary measures, and ineffective policies and programs. The empirical findings reveal that sanitary and phytosanitary measures are a challenge and a major criterion for exporting agricultural products from emerging economies. Furthermore, the findings show that these two countries also face dissimilar challenges such as transport logistics, unstable electricity supply, and seasonality of products in Nigeria whereas, in India, the challenges include, climate conditions, genuine partners, payment security, and product scarcity.The empirical findings further revealed that the adoption of E-governance is one way to curtail the issues of corruption and mismanagement in government institutions. In addition, the study found out that sometimes, firms internationalize to further markets before venturing into nearby markets. Also, the use of networks is important for the rapid internationalization of SMEs. The study concluded that resource availability is a key factor for the internationalization of agricultural SMEs in Nigeria. While in India, it is a combination of both resources and institutional factors.