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A Comparison of Host Responses to Infection with Wild-Type Avian Influenza Viruses in Chickens and Tufted Ducks
Uppsala University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6876-8903
Uppsala University, Sweden.
Max Planck Inst Anim Behav, Germany;Univ Konstanz, Germany.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5225-8634
Uppsala University, Sweden;Univ Sydney, Australia.
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2023 (English)In: Microbiology Spectrum, E-ISSN 2165-0497, Vol. 11, no 4, article id e02586-22Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cross-species transmission of influenza A virus (IAV) from wild waterfowl to poultry is the first step in a chain of events that can ultimately lead to exposure and infection of humans. Herein, we study the outcome of infection with eight different mallard-origin IAV subtypes in two different avian hosts: tufted ducks and chickens. We found that infection and shedding patterns as well as innate immune responses were highly dependent on viral subtypes, host species, and inoculation routes. For example, intraoesophageal inoculation, commonly used in mallard infection experiments, resulted in no infections in contrast to oculonasal inoculation, suggesting a difference in transmission routes. Despite H9N2 being endemic in chickens, inoculation of mallard-origin H9N2 failed to cause viable infection beyond 1 day postinfection in our study design. The innate immune responses were markedly different in chickens and tufted ducks, and despite the presence of retinoic acid-inducible gene-I (RIG-I) in tufted duck transcriptomes, it was neither up nor downregulated in response to infection. Overall, we have revealed the heterogeneity of infection patterns and responses in two markedly different avian hosts following a challenge with mallard-origin IAV. These virus-host interactions provide new insights into important aspects of interspecies transmission of IAV.IMPORTANCE Our current findings highlight important aspects of IAV infection in birds that have implications for our understanding of its zoonotic ecology. In contrast to mallards where the intestinal tract is the main site of IAV replication, chickens and tufted ducks show limited or no signs of intestinal infection suggesting that the fecal-oral transmission route might not apply to all bird IAV host species. Our results indicate that mallard-origin IAVs undergo genetic changes upon introduction into new hosts, suggesting rapid adaptation to a new environment. However, similar to the mallard, chickens and tufted ducks show a limited immune response to infection with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses. These findings and future studies in different IAV hosts are important for our understanding of barriers to IAV transmission between species and ultimately from the wild reservoir to humans. Our current findings highlight important aspects of IAV infection in birds that have implications for our understanding of its zoonotic ecology. In contrast to mallards where the intestinal tract is the main site of IAV replication, chickens and tufted ducks show limited or no signs of intestinal infection suggesting that the fecal-oral transmission route might not apply to all bird IAV host species.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
American Society for Microbiology, 2023. Vol. 11, no 4, article id e02586-22
Keywords [en]
influenza virus, gene expression, innate immunity, adaptive viral mutations
National Category
Microbiology
Research subject
Ecology, Zoonotic Ecology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-123579DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.02586-22ISI: 001016283300001PubMedID: 37358408Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85168235757OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-123579DiVA, id: diva2:1786940
Available from: 2023-08-10 Created: 2023-08-10 Last updated: 2023-11-07Bibliographically approved

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Waldenström, Jonas

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