The chapter investigates the role of taxation in the light of the evolution from the UN Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) to the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in the current European tax law and development landscape and in connection with the New European Consensus on Development, paying specific attention to the gender and human rights implications of tax systems in the achievement of the SDGs. The chapter concludes that a substantive coherent approach that transforms declarations and intents into factual, concrete, unambiguous legislation in the field of taxation, reversing its accepted impact on gender equality and promoting overall sustainable development, is still not there. In the absence of concrete measures in support of gender equality, and without wide-spread political will to create gender responsive fiscal systems, sustainable development models will not succeed.