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Forest-edge effects on sea-salt aerosol deposition: a wind-tunnel study using living oak leaves
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences. (Naturresurshushållning)
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences. (Naturresurshushållning)
Lund University. (Department of Physics)
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, School of Natural Sciences.
2012 (English)In: Boreal environment research, ISSN 1239-6095, E-ISSN 1797-2469, Vol. 17, no 3-4, p. 193-209Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Landscape patchiness creates aerodynamic transitions zones that affect the exchange of nutrients and pollutants between the atmosphere and vegetation. Using an artificially generated NaCl aerosol, with its mass-versus-particle-size distribution characterised by an aerodynamic mean particle diameter of 1.6 µm and a geometrical standard deviation of 1.9, we investigate the forest-edge effect on aerosol deposition within a model oak (Quercus robur L.) canopy in a wind tunnel with a smooth up-wind surface, and provide quantitative estimates of deposition rates within the emulated beach-to-forest transition. The deposition rate is maximal around the forest edge with an enhancement factor in relation to the beach deposition of 2.4 for Cl- and 2.0 for Na+. Results are in reasonable agreement with those obtained from deposition models, field studies, and other wind-tunnel based investigations. We find a tendency towards an edge effect also at the downwind forest end, which is in support of model predictions. Estimates of deposition velocities at the edge are 0.06 cms-1 and 0.05 cms-1 for Cl- and Na+, respectively. Because of the edge effect the model forest’s deposition velocity is enhanced, being 1.4 times higher around the edge in comparison with the entire forest. This suggests that field measurements of deposition in the interior of a forest “island” in an otherwise open landscape would underestimate the deposition to the entire forest. Our results can help improve estimates of aerosol-borne inputs of nutrients or pollutants to forests that would experience shifts in meteorological regimes due to changes in climate and forestry practices, in particular with respect to deciduous species in coastal environments where forest-edge effects might be substantial.

 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2012. Vol. 17, no 3-4, p. 193-209
Keywords [en]
Quercus robur, deposition velocity, wind tunnel, sea/land transition, atmosphere/canopy exchange
National Category
Environmental Sciences
Research subject
Environmental Science, Natural Resources Management
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11856OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-11856DiVA, id: diva2:418559
Available from: 2011-05-23 Created: 2011-05-23 Last updated: 2017-12-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Aerosol deposition to coastal forests: a wind tunnel approach
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Aerosol deposition to coastal forests: a wind tunnel approach
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aerodynamically rough surfaces of forests provide for efficient air/ canopy exchange of mass, heat and momentum. In that context, the effects of forest edges come into focus, and therefore, coastal-zone forests constitute aparticular concern. Aerosol-sink modelling is of importance to the global-scalecontext, because sink strengths influence the concentration of aerosol particles in the atmosphere, and that concentration, in turn, influences climate. Dry deposition models are insufficient due to a lack of semi-empirical data and because of difficulties in parameterization of the efficiency (E) with which leaves capture aerosols. Quantifications of such parameters promote possibilities for modelling aerosol-sink processes within various canopy layers. This thesis focuses on studies of sea-salt aerosol dry deposition within models of oak canopies exposed to artificially generated aerosols in a wind tunnel. The overall goal is to advance the understanding of deposition processes in forest ecosystems. Aims are to determine capture efficiencies and deposition velocities (Vd) for oak (Quercus robur L.), to investigate E and Vd dependence on aerosol particle size, wind velocity and vegetation structural elements such as Leaf Area Index (LAI), to explore edge effects on deposition, to relate my results to natural situations in the field, and to address modelling applications. This thesis is a result of five studies. The first study is based on developing awind tunnel approach with a main focus on establishing reference conditions.The next step is to quantify E and provide estimates of how E, with respect toa well defined mass-vs-particle-size distribution, varies with wind speed. To that end, a special wash-off technique is developed. Finally, edge effects ondeposition processes are investigated. Results demonstrate that forest ecosystems would experience substantially increased deposition at edges. The findings suggest that field measurements of deposition in the interior of a forest “island” in an otherwise open landscape would underestimate the deposition to the entire forest. Results clearly indicate needs for further research on the effects of LAI on capture efficiency and deposition velocity. The obtained capture efficiencies can be translated into deposition velocities for trees with a specific leaf area. An increase of Vd with increasing wind speed is found, and is consistent with other studies. Results confirm advantages of the wind tunnel approach, including its ability to enable experiments under controlled conditions. However, several problems require that explicit sub-models be developed of wind-speed dependent effects on leaf posture in the aerosol flow field and that gradients in relative humidity close to leaf surfaces need further attention. The results also propose needs for a range of further experimental investigations regarding aerosol deposition across the complete sea-to-land aerodynamic transition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö, Kalmar: Linnaeus University Press, 2011. p. 190
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 43
Keywords
NaCl aerosol, dry deposition, climate change, coastal-zone forest, Quercus robur, wind tunnel, edge effect
National Category
Natural Sciences
Research subject
Natural Science, Environmental Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-11999 (URN)9789186491710 (ISBN)
Public defence
2011-05-06, A137, Landgången 4, Kalmar, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2011-06-07 Created: 2011-05-30 Last updated: 2024-11-26Bibliographically approved

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Reinap, AusraWiman, Bo L. B.Gunnarsson, Sara

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