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A Panel of Stably Expressed Reference Genes for Real-Time qPCR Gene Expression Studies of Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. (Ctr Ecol & Evolut Microbial Model Syst EEMiS)ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2849-1094
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. (Ctr Ecol & Evolut Microbial Model Syst EEMiS)
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. Uppsala University. (Ctr Ecol & Evolut Microbial Model Syst EEMiS)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5629-0196
Uppsala University.
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2016 (English)In: PLOS ONE, E-ISSN 1932-6203, Vol. 11, no 2, article id e0149454Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Resource type
Text
Abstract [en]

Determining which reference genes have the highest stability, and are therefore appropriate for normalising data, is a crucial step in the design of real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) gene expression studies. This is particularly warranted in non-model and ecologically important species for which appropriate reference genes are lacking, such as the mallard-a key reservoir of many diseases with relevance for human and livestock health. Previous studies assessing gene expression changes as a consequence of infection in mallards have nearly universally used beta-actin and/or GAPDH as reference genes without confirming their suitability as normalisers. The use of reference genes at random, without regard for stability of expression across treatment groups, can result in erroneous interpretation of data. Here, eleven putative reference genes for use in gene expression studies of the mallard were evaluated, across six different tissues, using a low pathogenic avian influenza A virus infection model. Tissue type influenced the selection of reference genes, whereby different genes were stable in blood, spleen, lung, gastrointestinal tract and colon. beta-actin and GAPDH generally displayed low stability and are therefore inappropriate reference genes in many cases. The use of different algorithms (GeNorm and NormFinder) affected stability rankings, but for both algorithms it was possible to find a combination of two stable reference genes with which to normalise qPCR data in mallards. These results highlight the importance of validating the choice of normalising reference genes before conducting gene expression studies in ducks. The fact that nearly all previous studies of the influence of pathogen infection on mallard gene expression have used a single, non-validated reference gene is problematic. The toolkit of putative reference genes provided here offers a solid foundation for future studies of gene expression in mallards and other waterfowl.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2016. Vol. 11, no 2, article id e0149454
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Ecology, Zoonotic Ecology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-51591DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149454ISI: 000371218400085PubMedID: 26886224Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84960902443OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-51591DiVA, id: diva2:915403
Available from: 2016-03-30 Created: 2016-03-30 Last updated: 2021-06-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Eco-immunological studies of innate immunity in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Eco-immunological studies of innate immunity in Mallards (Anas platyrhynchos)
2020 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This thesis comprises two sections, both of which explore eco-immunology of the innate immune system of mallards (Anas platyrhynchos). The innate immune system serves a pivotal role as the first line of defense against invading pathogens, and is comprised of physical and chemical barriers. Its main function is to inhibit and/or eliminate the pathogenic microorganisms while minimizing collateral damage to host cells.

The first section investigates the allelic variation and selective forces acting on five avian β-defensins (AvBD) genes. Showing that purifying selection is the predominant selective force, although one gene AvBD3b, appeared to be subject to balancing selection. Moreover, the solution structure of the AvBD3b peptide was solved in this work, revealing that it contains a typical β-defensin fold with three β-sheets. Linear and folded AvBD3b peptides were shown to exhibit similar antibacterial properties, indicating that the tertiary structure was not the primary determinant of antimicrobial activity. Moreover, testing the antimicrobial activity of synthetic AvBD peptides showed that they mostly had higher activity against Gram-negative than Gram-positive bacteria.

The second section investigates expression of two innate immune genes during avian influenza virus infection. Data quality in gene expression studies depends, in part, on the stability of the reference genes (RGs) used to normalize expression levels, meaning putative RGs must be validated prior to use. Eleven potential mallard RGs were tested and it was found that the stability varied across different tissue types, highlighting the importance of correct RG selection for the specific experimental conditions. Optimal RGs were then used in a gene expression study of retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) and myxovirus resistant gene (Mx) in mallards during a low pathogenic avian influenza (LPAI) infection. Upregulation of both genes was rapid and transient, returning back to basal levels two days post infection across most of the five tissue types analyzed.

This thesis provides new insights into the tertiary structure and antimicrobial activity of AvBDs, and how this relates to selective pressures exerted in natural populations. It also highlights the importance of RGs validation, and confirms that RIG-I and Mx are involved in the early stages of the mallard immune response to LPAI infection.

Abstract [sv]

Den här avhandlingen består av två delar, vilka fokuserar på olika delar av det medfödda immunförsvaret hos gräsand (Anas platyrhynchos). Det medfödda immunförsvaret består av fysiska och kemiska barriärer vars uppgift är att hindra patogener att infektera kroppens celler, och att vid infektion eliminera dem.

Första delen undersöker allelvariation och selektion hos generna för fem olika β-defensiner (AvBD) hos gräsand och andra änder. Studierna visade att stabiliserande urval är den dominerande selektionskraften för dessa gener utom för AvBD3b, som var föremål för balanserande selektion. Den tredimensionella strukturen för AvBD3b bestämdes och uppvisade en generell β-defensinstruktur innehållande tre β-flak. Syntetiserade linjära och veckade AvBD3b-peptider hade liknande antibakteriella egenskaper, vilket antyder att den tredimensionella strukturen inte är avgörande för den antibakteriella funktionen. Den antimikrobiella aktiviteten hos ytterligare fem AvBD-peptider testades och uppvisade en högre aktivitet mot Gram-negativa än mot Gram-positiva bakterier.

Andra delen undersöker genuttryck av två immunförsvarsgener vid fågelinfluensainfektion. Vid genuttrycksstudier är resultatet till viss del beroende av stabiliteten hos de referensgener (RG) som används för normalisering av data. Därför behöver dessa validerades innan användning vid genuttrycksstudier. Elva potentiella RG testades och uppvisade varierande uttryck i olika vävnader hos gräsand, vilket visar vikten av att testa stabiliteten för den specifika experimentuppställningen. Baserat på dessa resultat användes referensgenerna i ett experiment där genuttrycket av retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I) och myxovirus resistance gene (Mx) undersöktes i gräsänder infekterade med fågelinfluensavirus. Båda generna uppvisade en snabb och övergående uppreglering, där genuttrycket återgick till bakgrundsnivåer två dagar efter infektionsstart i nästan alla analyserade vävnader.

Denna avhandling ger nya insikter om genetisk diversitet och evolution hos AvBD-gener i gräsand. Den tredimensionella strukturen av AvBD3b bidrar till ökad kunskap om AvBD-strukturer då endast några få defensinstrukturer från fåglar tidigare bestämts. Avhandlingen visar även på vikten av att undersöka stabiliteten hos potentiella referensgener för att få pålitliga resultat vid expressionsstudier samt att generna RIG-I och Mx är involverade under den tidiga immunresponsen vid fågelinfluensavirusinfektion i gräsänder.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2020. p. 54
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 376/2020
Keywords
Avian β-defensins (AvBDs), Avian gene expression, Host-pathogen interactions, Innate immunity, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Myxovirus resistance gene (Mx), Retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I), Avian β-defensins (AvBD), Genuttryck, Gräsand (Anas platyrhynchos), Immunförsvar, Immungener, Myxovirus resistant gene (Mx), Patogen, Retinoic acid inducible gene 1 (RIG-I)
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Natural Science, Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-91986 (URN)978-91-89081-33-8 (ISBN)978-91-89081-34-5 (ISBN)
Public defence
2020-02-28, Fullriggaren (Ma135), Kalmar, 09:30 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2020-03-03 Created: 2020-02-07 Last updated: 2024-02-27Bibliographically approved

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Chapman, Joanne R.Helin, Anu S.Wille, MichelleFridlund, JimmyWaldenström, Jonas

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