Purpose This study focuses on applicable methods used in the Inventory Management of Fresh Food Products and challenges encountered in their implementation. The area of concentration is the Fresh Food Retailers. Secondly, the challenges encountered in the implementation of fresh food products is also addressed. Methodology The study employs a qualitative research technique with the use of a semi-structured interview for five companies to gather data. Theory The theory section of this study first gives a brief explanation of fresh food retailers’. Secondly, it addresses the keywords of the research questions: Fresh Food Products Inventory Management, highlighting the management of the shelf-life and technological innovations in use in the inventory management of Fresh Food Products. It moves on to address the challenges encountered in the implementation of inventory management systems Empirical This represents the outcome of semi-structured qualitative interviews conducted with five companies. It started with a brief description of the company. Analysis and Discussion The analysis portrays the techniques and models used in the inventory management of shelflife and technological innovations and identification and discussion of implementation challenges or drawback of implementation. Conclusion This addresses my contribution and a futuristic approach to the topic.

This research examines the effects of using 3D virtual shopping malls and shows the user interaction and experience in this type of virtual environments. Technology developments and the use of the Internet made users to expect more services, which help to improve the user's life. Using a 3D virtual environment and adding a shopping idea to it is considered as very interesting, especially if it reflects the real world in a virtual reality that make its users attached to it. Furthermore, the possibility of having an avatar to represent themselves in computer-mediated virtual environment help users to explore the virtual environment. Another advantage is that users have the possibility to invite friends and to navigate inside a 3D Virtual-shopping mall not alone but together, which gives the user the capability to socialise inside the mall. Besides, changing of the customer's profile and chatting with friends is supported, too. Moreover, the transformation process from a two-dimensional environment to a three-dimensional environment is considered to be convenient for both, customers and mall owners.

I have used phenomenology to investigate this new phenomenon. In addition the data was gathered by interviewing several participants from different educational levels as well as business owners of 3D virtual malls. The research will show the potential of using a 3D virtual shopping mall from the user's perspective as well as from the business' owners and having a 3D virtual shopping mall is not only considered entertaining, but also convenient.

As a future work I recommend to interview the merchants in this research to grasp this idea completely.

The purpose of the web is that it should be accessible to everybody, however, there are people with some type of disabilities that makes them unable to access or use certain websites because of the lack of accessibility that is implemented in them. This means that these websites are not user-friendly for users with disabilities. In order to highlight the problem, areas such as user-experience, usefulness, accessibility and WCAG 2.0 were explored in order to gain a better understanding of these areas and get a better picture of the important factors in them. Based on the theories, the study showed that these previously mentioned areas are part of  each other and that accessibility is good for both users with and without disabilities.

There is a challenge when designing digital environments that promotes activities for the purpose to creates routines and habits leading to the growth of a community. Online communities could sometime lack objective management, resulting in lowered engagement and motivation amongst the members to contribute. Members in these environments sometimes struggle to see how their contribution can make an impact. The importance of online communities has a greater role in society while attitude towards distance collaborations are becoming familiar, consequently investigating these issues is relevant. Previous research has observed this behavior and defines it as social loafing, groups and communitys lack contribution even though they have many members. What has been found as a prevention to this negative development shows that individuals are more likely to contribute when their value are acknowledged. What also has a motivating and positive effect is when they are assigned group-oriented goals rather than just assigned goals individually. Establishing routines, habits, and common ground between members of a collaboration has a role in this development. This study explores activities amongst creators that are active in creative online communities oriented in game development, music production and other types of distance collaborations dependent on computer supported collaborative work (CSCW). The results gathered from interviews and user-surveys, has been analyzed through Activity theory, to better understand the habits that leads to successful creative collaborations in online communities. We propose design guidelines for development of digital platforms that serves the purpose for online communities and stems through the activities that establishes common ground and a culture for participation. We also present a best practice example based on the finding, describing a distance facilitated competition in music production that promotes participation and establishment of common ground. Taking to account the wide variety of different technical and individual needs and goals of multidisciplinary creators serves as a suggestion for further research.

Recent studies in science and engineering education support that inductive learning activities encouraging active student involvement may improve students’ motivation, development of soft skills and academic performance, compared to traditional lectures. Until recently, several technology-enhanced learning environments have been proposed to facilitate such activities in classrooms. However, these commonly depend on dedicated hardware devices, such as clickers or tablet PCs. Contrastingly, smartphones are being massively adopted by society as these become increasingly powerful and inexpensive. Even so, the use of smartphones as learning tools in lecture halls has still not been widely adopted. In this paper we present CollPhoto, a paper-plus-smartphone environment that supports face-to-face problem solving activities in the classroom. CollPhoto provides the instructor with instant visibility of students’ work, and facilitates him/her conducting discussions, based on a selection of students’ responses. We report on the design and initial validation of CollPhoto in the context of two computer science courses.

This thesis and report has addressed and focused on identifying the interaction effect that occurs when an information system's interface is scaled off and is minimalistic. This case study is based on a web-based writing tool called Writer. The purpose of the research has been to clarify the personal interaction effect in an interactive usage situation and how it in turn affects the user experience. The theoretical field and framework of the study is Actability , focusing on the interactive action level in connection with The Elementary InterAction Loop . The Elementary InterAction Loop consists of four steps where the user asks, does, gets an answer and then evaluates. In conjunction with the theory, five interaction criteria have been incorporated, which are; Clear Action Repertoire , Intelligible Vocabulary , Action Transparency , Clear Feedback , and Amendability . These five criteria have been the thematization of the empirical work.

Through both targeted selection and snowball sampling, six journalists/writers have been involved in collecting data. In the method work, user test was performed on the writing tool with tasks formulated in accordance to the five interaction criteria. In the method work, user tests was performed on the writing tool. Thereafter the tasks was formed according to the five interaction criteria from the theoretical framework. All informants evaluated their experience and made thirteen statements based on a user experience questionnaire where concepts such as easy to learn/not easy to learn and effective/ineffective were asked for. Following these two steps in the empirical study, semi-structured interviews were conducted with fifteen questions based on the five interaction qualities. In order to analyze the collected data, the content analysis method was applied which resulted in 25 categories with descriptions and quotes. Based on a content analysis and its results, the categories were then analyzed using the D.EU.PS model and its 18 classes. The analysis resulted in ten interaction effects placed in seven different classes. The result and the ten interaction effects are: Security, Previous references, Terminology, Recognition, Understanding of sequence/action, Perception, Simplicity, Efficiency Availability and Grouping (proximity). Based on personal behavior as a perspective, these effects are the result of a minimalistic writing tool that contributes to a good user experience.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether an AI-CDS tool's work process and results can be explained in a way that is relevant to the user in their context. The study focuses on the empirical understanding of users' experience in clinical everyday life. In order to investigate this, the study was carried out using a selected company's AI-CDS tool and the healthcare providers who use this tool in Swedish primary care and Finnish corporate care. 

The AI-CDS tool is used to automatically record the patient's medical history, prioritize the need for care and a list of suggested diagnoses. With the aim of investigating the healthcare staff's use, perception and need for explanations of the AI-CDS tool's results, a qualitative research approach was chosen. Semi-structured interviews were chosen as the primary method of data collection and the interview questions were designed with the support of the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) theoretical framework. The framework was adapted to better address the context of the healthcare staff and their individual needs and to ask more relevant questions. 

The results from the interviews were then analyzed thematically and it turned out that the need for explanations of the tool's diagnosis suggestions is primarily about limitations in human communication. Therefore, the healthcare staff's workflow can be improved if they are informed about which parts of the patient's input information the tool used in its analysis. It would primarily improve the healthcare staff's workflow and reduce their cognitive load, but also improve trust in the tool. 

Another conclusion is that explanations in the company's tools do not need to be technical because their effectiveness seems to be as much linked to the individual's decision-making and different needs for explanations in each individual patient case.

Bullying and abusive treatment are considered a serious societal problem. If bullyingdoes not receive more targeted attention and greater intervention, a silent approval forthe violation of another person continues. Therefore, this study aimed to investigatehow a potential mobile application could help and prevent bullying in primary school.The purpose of this study was to gain a deeper understanding of the potential use ofa mobile application that could be used to prevent bullying in primary school, andwhat would be the desired design characteristics for such a mobile application fromthe perspective of primary school students. The research questions that the studyintended to answer were: What suggestions do elementary school students have toprevent and deter bullying? How do primary school students perceive the potentialuse of a mobile application to prevent bullying? How do elementary school studentsdescribe the desired design features of a mobile application to prevent bullying? Inorder to gain a broader understanding of the research area, a literature study wasconducted on the phenomenon of bullying, the digital society and designing for theuser. In the study, the theoretical framework HMSAM was also applied. In order tosucceed in answering the study's research questions, the study took a qualitativeapproach where individual semi-structured interviews were conducted with eightprimary school students aged 15-17 years. Based on the study's discoveries togetherwith the framework's theories on user friendliness and usability, recommendationsemerged for a potential mobile application to prevent bullying, which can thus beseen as the answer to the study's three research questions.

Purpose: Corporations experience difficulties positioning themselves on the web as a result of not developing their websites in a way that is inline with their overall business strategy. The purpose of this study is to explore how corporations should apply design strategy, based on a user-centered design perspective, to support their overall business strategy on the web.

Originality/value: This study has identified a knowledge gap in terms of how corporations define and apply design strategy in order to support their overall business strategy on the web.

Methodology: This study aims to research the application of design strategy by creating a prototype through the use of a user-centered design process. This was done by interviewing experts as well as evaluating websites, in order to explore the domain of a car manufacturers retailers, which was based on the corresponding strategy of leading the visitor to the car manufacturers offerings that are represented by the retailers and their websites. This data collection was the foundation in the creation of a persona and context scenarios that was translated into identified needs that represented the products design strategy. The design strategy in turn was the foundation for the creating phase of the user-centered design process, where iterative design lead to refining framework sketches and an interactive prototype.

Findings and conclusion: The study which resulted in an interactive prototype shows that user-centered design, which applies design strategy by defining the corporations and the users goals and needs, is an alternative that allows for structured refinement to the point that the website fulfills its design strategy. The results also show that depending on how well the domain exploration is executed as well as how well the design strategy is defined will affect the resulting website and to what extent it fulfills its purpose, whether it’s is still a prototype or if it’s the end result.

The purpose of this qualitative case study is to evaluate an early stage survey skill developed for the social robot Furhat, and look into how the user experience (UX) and voice user interface (VUI) of that skill can be improved. Several qualitative methods have been used: expert evaluations using heuristics for human-robot interaction (HRI), user evaluations including observations and interviews, as well as a quantitative questionnaire (RoSAS – Robot Social Attribution Scale). The empirical findings have been classified into the USUS Evaluation Framework for Human-Robot Interaction. The user evaluations were performed in two modes, one group of informants talked and interacted with Furhat with the support of a graphical user interface (GUI), and the other group without the GUI. A positive user experience was identified in both modes, showing that the informants found interacting with Furhat a fun, engaging and interesting experience. The mode with the supportive GUI could be suitable in noisy environments, and for longer surveys with many response alternatives to choose from, whereas the other mode could work better for less noisy environments and for shorter surveys. General improvements that can contribute to a better user experience in both modes were found; such as having the robot adopt a more human-like character when it comes to the dialogue and the facial expressions and movements, along with addressing a number of technical and usability issues.

Abstract

Much of cancer patients treated in Sweden feel that they receive inadequate information in connection with disease notification and treatment. Previous research has shown that a majority of these patients feel that they received too little information and they do not understand the information they received.

The purpose of this project is to investigate whether information technology, in the form of an application,  can obtain personalized context-based quality information whenever the need arises. The application should also make it possible for the patient to be able to come in contact with the caregiver, via email, telephone or voice and video calls.

To get a cancer diagnosis usually leads to a traumatic crisis which, in varying degrees, limit the ability to assimilate information. This, together with a very demanding treatment, both physically and mentally, places the patient in a very vulnerable situation. Being well-informed about the disease and treatment may help patients to more easily manage their situation and to improve mental well-being.

In this work, pre-treated cancer patients were interviewed to determine what they feel is important for cancer patients to feel well informed, and the way in which an application could contribute to this. All the interviews showed that participants experienced that there was inadequate information in connection with their disease and treatment. The interviewees were aware that they had received information during their illness but their experience was that it was incomplete and performed at a time when they could not assimilate it.

The interviews revealed proposals on the content of an imaginary application, all in one way or another related to information. The proposals were sorted under six headings which then became the inputs on the intended application's home page. A mockup was designed to demonstrate a proposal on the home page.

Today, ICT (Information and Communication Technology) is often used to distribute and communicate information internal and external. One of the great tools for information management is the intranet. This research is focused on usability regarding small SharePoint-projects. Usability covers the factors: usefulness, customization and user acceptance. A small SharePoint-project (less than 300 working hours) has fewer resources available for focusing on usability.

The purpose with this research is to examine developers’ attitudes regarding usability and how usability is best achieved in small projects where resources are limited. A quantitative method has been used to conduct a case study consisting of three developers in a consulting company. The interviews were semi-structured.

The result from the research concludes that user acceptance is the key factor for an intranet to be perceived as useful by the users. Usefulness in a standard SharePoint solution is relatively defined and in place. Customization of a solution instead of using the built-in standards is often more costly and resource intensive. Developers should therefore focus on education, user involvement, communication and other factors that may increase acceptance among the end users.

Little is known about the development of social e-atmospherics. And yet, e-atmospherics have motivated an emerging body of research which reports that both better layouts and ‘recognized’ atmospherics encourage consumers to modify their shopping habits. While the literature has analyzed mainly the functional (design) aspect of e-atmospherics, little has been done in terms of linking its characteristics’ to social (co-) creation. This paper attempts to redress the imbalance by exploring the anatomy from a website designer perspective of the social dimension of design in relation to e-atmospherics, which includes factors such as the aesthetic design of space and the influence of visual cues as a socially constructed meaning. We identify the challenges that web designers as social agents, who interact within intangible social reference sets, restricted by social standards, value, beliefs, status and duties, face daily within their work. We aim to review the current understanding of the importance and voluntary integration of social cues displayed by web designers from a mature market and an emerging market, and provides an analysis based recommendation towards the development of an integrated e-social atmospheric framework. Results report exploratory findings from questionnaires with 10 French and 16 Turkish web designers. These allow us to re-interpret the web designers’ reality regarding social e-atmospherics. We contend that by comprehending (before any consumer/client input) social capital, daily micro practices, habits and routine of designers, a deeper understanding of social e-atmospherics possible functions in the future will be unpacked.

Mob Programming has become increasingly used in today's software development teams due to its new and innovative work approach. Mob Programming is a collaborative work method that was first introduced in 2002 and was described as a team consisting of two or more developers working together in the same space, at the same time, on the same issue and at the same computer. The Driver and Navigator roles are often used in conjunction with the work method to enable a dynamic work structure. The previous research carried out regarding Mob Programming has focused on its general structure, benefits, and risks when using it. Previous research has also investigated how the work method is being used in different software development teams. A lot of previous research has been studying the subject in a general manner which fails to bring up the individual in relation to the work method. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of using Mob Programming on a daily or occasional basis regarding employee well-being and individual performance. The study also intended to investigate differences between the daily and occasional users of Mob Programming. A qualitative method with semi-structured interviews and observations was applied for its ability to extract in-depth and valuable information. The participants chosen for this study derived from four different development teams who worked at Fortnox in Växjö where one of four teams used Mob Programming on a daily basis. A thematic analysis was used to organize and create a structure regarding the information from the interviews. Three themes with specific sub-codes were created using the thematic analysis: Learning, Team dynamics, Individual dynamics, which derived from the interview questionnaire. The study found that the majority of the informants were impacted in a positive way regarding well-being when using Mob Programming. Reduced individual work pressure and stress were two of the prominent factors that contributed to this. However, some individuals felt negative about the work method. This was often due to the feeling of being constantly watched or not being comfortable with the teambased structure of Mob Programming. The most noticeable findings regarding individual performance were positive in relation to knowledge sharing and problemsolving due to the "one-piece flow” that helped the teams streamline their work process from start to finish. The study found that the use of the Driver and Navigator roles was the most pronounced differentiation between the daily and occasional users of Mob Programming. The findings pointed towards a more structured and proper use of the roles when observing the daily users in comparison to the occasional users.

For a society to function, people have to feel trust in the social system they are a part of. These systems may consist of both social and cultural structures. In line with recent technological developments, more and more people gained access to the Internet. This means that terms such as credibility and trust are also central in the digital world. Today an increasing share of Sweden's population manages their finances online using online banking. Other payment solutions have also been developed to meet the needs that have arisen with the increasing development of E-commerce. There are several different digital payment solutions used for different types of transactions. A need to develop a payment solution that includes more types of transactions are therefore interesting for both the companies that provide these payment solutions aswell as for those who use them. But if you take an existing payment solution and expand it to include more functions or other types of transactions, how do you maintain the users sense of credibility and trust? Previous research on credibility and trust in the digital world seems primarily to be focused on how credibility and trust is created in the initial phase. The purpose of this study was to identify what should be considered when users already feel credibility and trust in a digital payment solution when more functions are to be implemented. To answer this, the following research question was formulated ”How can trust and credibility be kept when implementing new services in digital user interfaces” To explore this, interviews and questionnaires on the concept of credibility and trust focusing on digital payment solutions were conducted. The results of these were modeled into personas, and the results along with the theoretical framework also formed the basis for the 11 design principles used when expanding a service while trying to maintain credibility and trust. Based on these design principles an interactive prototype was developed and tested with users. The user tests were conducted to investigate whether or not the design principles had contributed to maintain the perception of credibility and trust. To do this we compared the perceived credibility and trust of the prototype with the existing payment solution. The results showed that the prototype, that was developed based on the design priciples, had maintained its credibility and trust. The design principles were guidelines to careful consideration of the visual design, usefulness, brand and reputation. The new design principles could therefore be the answer to the research question.

The purpose of this study was to develop a process for how modern technology can be used for organizations to succeed in strategic competence provision. The concept of data-driven decisions is used when so-called classification algorithms can help us discover a 'desired competence that is missing' or 'suggest an area that we need to develop'. 

The method is based on service design and this study used an empathy map, which was created from a survey on the professional social network LinkedIn using the virtual snowball method (cf. respondent-driven sampling). It is based on qualitative data that describes insights based on the users' experiences and driving forces. Then it was important to define which stakeholders that are affected by the challenge in order to be able to describe the steps in a journey map and produce a design sketch. The design process also included interviews with the main stakeholders in order to investigate root causes and sorting ideas using cluster analysis. Finally, a digital prototype was tested and to evaluate what worked and look for improvements, a feedback matrix was created. The basis for investigating the problem comes from the need within the user group and perspectives from stakeholders, which are then validated by using several different tools taken from service design.

The conclusion was that data-driven decision-making involves define measurable indicators and data to make decisions that are in line with strategic goals in competence provision. This is reported as a user journey consisting of the steps "Initiate & map out", "Implement & follow up" and "Evaluate & reflect".

There is currently a need for manufacturing companies to increase their efficiency to maintain their competitiveness due to increased and varied customer demands. These demands for efficiency improvement are particularly noticeable in a time of rapid technological development and digitization. Companies, such as the case-company in the study, choose to streamline and meet the demands by merging two of their factories, which is expected to result in economic and time savings. However, this entails extensive planning and integration of processes and information flows. The study examines the advantages and disadvantages that arise from a merger, finding, among other things, that integration is a crucial factor in achieving the study's benefits. Furthermore, the study observes how inadequate integration of information systems can affect the company's internal communication. The results suggest that the identified shortcomings lead to increased costs, inefficiency, and resource wastage. Finally, the study explores how an efficient flow of information can minimize non-value-added activities between raw material storage and production. This practical aspect of the study aims to identify waste within the window company. An efficient flow of information contributes to increased control and traceability within a factory, thus minimizing non-value-added activities. The purpose of the study is to analyze and identify possible efficiency measures and shortcomings in the flow of information in the operational activities of manufacturing companies, particularly in the context of merging two factories. The study is based on theory, interviews, and calculations.

This work draws attention to the question of how in-service teachers learn to teach computational thinking and programming across subjects in K-9 education. Drawing on qualitative analyses of 298 reflective notes provided by 120 in-service teachers attending a professional development program, we pay attention to the following emergent themes: i)developing an understanding of the subject of computational thinking in K-9, ii)connecting programming with the teachers’ own subject matters, iii)understanding the purpose of teaching computational thinking. These themes point at the importance of scaffolding in-service teachers to learn to program with educational materials, tools and programming environments but also with a sound and inspirational pedagogy that addresses the fundamental questions of: what, how and why programming and computational thinking should be part of the compulsory school curriculum?

This chapter describes aspects related to the design approaches and innovative learning activities of the research projects, and also illustrates the problem of sustainability and scalability of educational technology innovations with examples from the Swedish educational context. The research projects on mobile learning have been conducted in both formal and informal learning settings. The factors that can be regarded as both barriers and supports for the sustainability and scalability of technological innovations in Sweden are technology, and partnerships. A geometry mobile (GEM) project is an ongoing mobile learning project in the field of mathematics trying to find alternative ways to support the learning of geometry. The chapter presents a math education and playful learning (MULLE) project to introduce mobile learning activities in primary schools. It pays attention to the role played by research, and the resulting knowledge base, both at national and international level.

The international communities of user interface, user experience and interaction designers are in an increasing need of considering Chinese users’ experiences when designing websites. China, along with other mandarin speaking populations, consists of a huge market. Almost one-fifth of global Internet users used Chinese as preferred language in 2020. Additionally, more and more companies worldwide are interested in doing business with the Chinese market. 

Targeting the needs of internet users coming from a different cultural background requires a special approach as cultural characteristics may influence the users’ expectations. Even though there have been attempts to characterise user interface menus suitable for Chinese users, as of 2022, it is still challenging to access a study on explicitly navigation. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate how local navigation can be adapted to the needs of Chinese users. This study also aims to examine the differences between Chinese and European users’ local navigation preferences.

During the study, 2 Chinese subjects and 2 European subjects tested three versions of a web prototype that been developed according to the already established research on designing user interface (UI) for Chinese users. Each prototype alternative presented one of the three local navigation alternatives: inverted L, horizontal and embedded vertical. The data has been collected through conducting contextual inquiry in the form of semi-structured interviews and observations. The gathered information was then analysed through thematic analysis. The two themes: Accessibility of content and Interpreting functionality emerged from the coded data.

This study acknowledged that differences between local navigation for Chinese and European users arise in cognitive traits. The Chinese users tend to categorise based on interdependence and relationship (thematic cognitive style) rather than to classify by functions, analyse components and infer common features (functional cognitive style). Furthermore, it has been recognised that Chinese population performs better with horizontal menu layouts with English interfaces. Results from this study show that the horizontal local navigation gained the biggest amount of positive feedback from Chinese interviewees, whereas vertical one the least. Even though, the findings illustrate that both Chinese and European subjects considered horizontal local navigation to be the most effective solution, interviewed Chinese users represented the least homogeneity in preferences. This study suggests that in order to develop guidelines for a fully functioning navigation system with English interfaces suitable for Chinese users, more studies on not solely local but also global and contextual navigation should be carried out.

The number of studies investigating computer use or other technologies used by senior citizens has progressively increased in the last twenty years. The interest stems from a diverse range of research disciplines including human computer interaction, education, and many others. Senior citizens generally have a positive attitude towards technology, and they are willing to use the product if they need it. Positive attitudes are also more likely to be expressed towards devices used every day at home, such as the television, microwave etc. Even if those devices are now typically digital, senior citizens are familiar and comfortable with them. These characteristics drive us to offer a solution by rethinking the use of some existing technologies and making them more affordable and accessible to older people. It is offered on a TV, something that senior citizens are familiar and comfortable with and which most of them have it at home. On this research we report our experience on developing a prototype service using smart TV application specifically tailored for the senior citizens needs and requirements. Based on the findings, we can conclude that there was great acceptance from senior citizens for the support of daily living and the ability to control their daily activities provided by this service.

People who suffer from migraines have probably at some point thought about what the triggering factor is. Sometimes the answer is clear, and sometimes it’s not that obvious. To have understanding and knowledge of their migraine can increase the chances of self-help and also higher levels of empowerment. With self-help, the patient can make better decisions based on the knowledge of the disease, which can lead to a better well-being. In order to establish an understanding and more knowledge about their illness, it can be helpful to document the migraine attacks. The documentation can then be used to find a possible cause of the attacks. This is also called a migraine journal. Migraine journals can be prescribed by the health services, where you get a template with less words and with simple instructions of the tasks on them. There are also digital solutions, like mobile applications, that supports more detailed documentation. A digital solution provides more opportunities for more detailed information about the person's illness, but mobile apps often lacks adaption for the patient's specific needs and problems. Persons who suffers from a migraine attack, can experience difficulties when documenting a large amount of information on applications. The interaction with digital screens may worsen the symptom. This is one of the findings of this study. The purpose of this study was to examine how a user interface for a mobile health application, could be designed with focus of empowerment and a good user experience. To find out, 7 semi structured interviews were conducted. The informants were asked to tell about their experiences, their knowledge about their illness and some technical aspects of how they want to interact with mobile applications while they are suffering from an attack. The data that was obtained from the interviews were then analyzed using qualitative coding that resulted in four different themes. The study showed that the potential users wish to interact as little as possible with the screen. Documentation of migraine attacks can be done with the help of speech and sound. The interface itself should be easy with simple icons which are easy to identify. It should be possible to manually or automatically adjust the light on the screen. The result of the study contributed to suggestions for how to design a suitable interface for migraine patients. The interface is visualised in this report in the form of mockups. For future research , it is recommended to perform user tests with extended prototypes to investigate whether the design principles and design suggestions developed in this study are perceived as a good user experience and contribute to empowerment.

We live in a society that is becoming more and more digital, where new technologies revolutionize several industries, and technological advances go faster every day. There may be an understanding that companies and organizations want to keep up with this digitization and not fall behind. But what happens if companies go too fast without involving the people who actually use their systems and services? The purpose of this study was to find possible problematic factors in digitizing a form in a PDF format. This form is used for the purpose of enrolling a principal administrator to further log in on a corporate service at Fora AB, with BankID or mobile BankID. An additional purpose for the study was to create a new design proposal by creating a prototype.

An empirical data collection has been conducted through usability tests that included interview questions and observation of use. The theoretical framework underlying the study is the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) and its view on user acceptance.

The study has resulted in a number of factors that leads the user not accept the system, these factors have formulated into three improvement areas; simple navigation, digitizing all the way and minimizing technical requirements.

This thesis explores how cultural differences and legislative requirements canimpact web accessibility for individuals with cognitive and visual impairments inSweden, the USA, and South Africa. Through an analysis of relevant literature andan evaluation of requirement compliance, the authors investigate how these factorsdiffer among countries. The results show that Sweden, with the strongest legislationand a strong civil movement, has the highest compliance rate of web accessibilityrequirements. South Africa, with the weakest legislation, had the lowest compliancerate of the examined requirements. In conclusion, there is a connection betweencultural differences and the implementation of WCAG guidelines, and there is adifference between countries regarding legislation and the implementation andfulfillment of WCAG guidelines.

This thesis is about  the metaphors  of the rainbow and the fogbow, investigations and evaluations, public internet monitors, writing women,reflections and discussions avout politics, design and democracy. It is also about the ongoing re-structuring of participation in service design within the development of eGovernment. The aim behind the drive towards eGovernmentis to modernise administration and make it more efficient. The transformation and modernisation of public services are proclaimed to bring about a change in services based on a "citizen-centric approach".  In such a process, communication between citizens and public authorities should play an essential role. Themes such as accountability, accessibility and particiaption all form part of the reconfiguration  and at the  same time these themes are shaped by the transformation. The papers in  this thesis discuss, in differnet ways , how this reconfiguration is enacted in practice. Theories  and methodologies from feminist theories, participatory design and informatics , are used in order to develop broader and more complex understandings of ongoing development within eGovernment.

The objective of this thesis is to explore technologies and solutions and see if it is possible to make a logistical flow more efficient. The logistical flow consists of a database containing materiel for purchase or reparation. As of now, searches may either result in too many results, of which several are irrelevant, or no results at all. The search needs to be very specific to retrieve the exact item, which requires extensive knowledge about the database and its contents. Areas that will be explored include Natural Language Processing and Machine Learning techniques. To solve this, a literature study will be conducted to gain insights into existing work and possible solutions. Exploratory Data Analysis will be used to understand the patterns and limitations of the data. 

The research conducted in this study aims to answer if it would be possible to gamify an Intranet for a Municipality (Ekerö Municipality in Sweden) and it also investigates what usability needs are the most important to meet. The study is based on Delone and McLean's IS success model. Furthermore, there is an assumption that there is too much irrelevant information on the old intranet. The study is based on qualitative interviews and shows that the employees of the municipality are affected by the qualities of the success model, information quality, functionality, and service. It also shows that personalization, as well as good user-friendliness and well-structured content, are values appreciated by employees. The users are also positively set for gamification.

Contributing to charity dates back several centuries. The world still faces significant challenges today, such as humanitarian crises, climate change, and political conflicts, which may require support in the form of donations when government funds are insufficient. This is where charitable organizations play an important role. A large part of charitable organizations are established in today's digitalization, which also increases competition for digital donations from users.

The purpose of this study was to find out what engages users to contribute digitally to charity and identify the key factors that are important for engagement in interaction with digital charity services. 

The study collaborated with a well-established Swedish charity organization that primarily focuses on individuals needing humanitarian support. The study performed a qualitative study by conducting user tests on one of their services that they offer on their website. 

Through qualitative methods, semi-structured interviews were conducted along with user tests of a digital donation service. Since charity itself is not a service but a behavior, the study was inspired by the theoretical framework Theory of Planned Behavior and connected the empirical data to the theory's three factors: attitude toward behavior, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control. 

The results showed that visual elements such as images, text content, and color had a significant impact on users' empathy. Design elements that are important key factors for digital giving. Navigation and structure on the website showed clear results on how the user experience was perceived, providing indications on whether users wanted to complete their digital donation. Through the study's results, recommendations for new design principles have been developed that can inspire other charitable organizations in their efforts to increase digital donations from users."

Digital libraries are important resources for the education of all, including people with disabilities. Designing their interfaces to include broader range of users has been a challenge, partly because to evaluate their accessibility, access to participants is a difficult part. Hence, to overcome such limitation, researchers often use heuristics to evaluate library interfaces. Generic heuristics are typically lengthy or too general, hence not suitable to uncover accessibility issues with library interfaces. In this paper, we address this issue by proposing heuristics specifically designed for the evaluation of digital library interfaces. The initial set of heuristics was derived from four different sources independently rated by two domain experts. In addition, four new items were proposed based on observations we conducted in another study on the accessibility of digital libraries. The final set of heuristics proposed is consisted of sixteen items tailored specifically to evaluate the accessibility of digital library interfaces.

Women make up half of the society, however they account for 40% of the labor force, according to a report from the World Economic Forum (WEF, 2020). Data shows that globally, the number of women working in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) careers is still low (ILOStat, 2019). In Europe, women hold only 17.2% of ICT-related jobs and only 13.1% of STEM graduates are women (Eurostat, 2019). Data on emerging economies, such as Kosovo, exhibit similar trends. In the academic year of 2017/2020, out of the total number of active and graduated students in STEM fields at the University of Prishtina, women comprised 32% and 44%, respectively (MEST & KAS, 2018). Closing the gender gap was identified as a possibility for growth and reignition of the economies across Central and Easter Europe by a recent McKinsey report (Iszkowska et al., 2021). The need to keep up with the social, technological, and economic developments of our time has brought to the forefront the importance of preparing the new generations of citizens with skills in STEM. Indeed, the European Commission recognized that one of the most ambitious goals is to make STEM education and STEM careers attractive to youth, and that interventions to address the crisis should start early (European Commission, Horizon 2020).

Therefore, in this paper we report on our research insights aiming to have a better understanding of challenges related to women studying STEM fields. The research efforts reported in this paper have been conducted in Kosovo during December 2021. The approach used in this research was based on the future workshop method conducted with18 high school female students from two high schools in Prishtina and 9 university female students in Kosovo. Understanding STEM experiences of students during high school is important because this period represents a critical juncture when decisions to pursue STEM are made and early interventions have been shown to be particularly effective (Kim, Sinatra, & Senyarian, 2018). The main goals of these workshops were to discover what factors have influenced the choice of these students to study STEM; understand if there are any challenges they face as STEM students; as well as their prospect for employment after graduation. The rich data collected during the workshops have been complemented with qualitative inputs from relevant stakeholders, consisting of representatives from government, educational, and civil society institutions through a panel discussion setup. Preliminary data from the workshops as well as from panel discussions revealed numerous obstacles that young women in Kosovo face while pursuing STEM education. These obstacles could be clustered in in three main themes, namely: institutional (e.g., lack of information flow, institutional support and awareness); social (e.g., lack of support from parents and teachers to study STEM); and design (e.g., lack of gender sensitive design of premises).

We draw on feminist technoscience to analyze actions and activities performed between participants in a Participatory Design workshop that unfolds in a realm of e-government. Stepping into this empirical site we want to show how participants (invited persons, researchers, methods, artifacts, gender stereotypes) become with each other. With such take on research endeavors we feed into current discussion in feminist research by illustrating how theory and practice intertwine and create realities.

If for a moment, anyone from a major world capital stops their daily routine and starts to analyze the environment around them - their work, their home or any means of transport - it will be possible to see how much technological evolution there is in the most diverse objects and processes. From a simple ballpoint pen to an autonomous vehicle, it is possible to notice a marked evolution, which was provided by the context, needs, resources and culture of the Society. Therefore, if a question like “What is technology?” is asked, the answer cannot be reduced to just a new electronic device or a new smartphone app. It is much more than that, as technology is something alive, mutable, which forms and is formed by Society, being present from the simplest to the most complex objects and processes. In this sense, this study presents one of these strands, focused on the evolution of the O&G industry, from the first wells manually drilled on land, in 1859, to the borders of 9,000m depth of the current offshore oil wells in the Gulf of Mexico. Analyzing all this evolution, its facts and data, it is clear that this industry has a unique role, which drives, at the same time, technological evolution.

From the first Neanderthals and Sapiens civilizations to the current world powers, human evolution was driven by its own will to develop, grow, discover, innovate and consolidate. Walking through the history of Humanity is witnessing an entire social, cultural and political evolution, understanding how the Society can shape the individual, and how the individual constitutes the Society. At the center of this evolution is the brain, as the architect, engineer and executor of all this process. The perception, an integral part of this process, in addition to forming a mental projection of the environment, recognizes opportunities and risks, generating an individual and social memory regarding the dangers of everyday life. When this perception is faced with the First Industrial Revolution, the safety at work will be associated with industrial equipment, organizational culture, workplaces, as well as the natural and evolved perception of risk of each individual – a software present in the hardware of the brain’s structures since the first civilizations. Following this evolution, work systems also evolved from simple linear production lines to complex sociotechnical workplaces, involving people, equipment, processes and organizational culture. The methodologies and tools designed to understand these risks, however, do not evolve at the same speed, persisting a misconception that current workplaces can be analyzed, in relation to risk, like a linear production line. In this aspect, integrating the concepts of neurosciences with the Human Factors approach, which is integrative and multidisciplinary, brings a systemic understanding of work environments, understanding and demonstrating the real complexity present.

The study presented in this research is a systematic human factors approach comparing two striking process accidents in Latin America: the Copiapó mining accident (2010), at the San José copper-gold mine, in Chile, and the FPSO CSM accident (2015), at Camarupim offshore oil field, in Brazil. Despite being different industrial segments - mining and O&G - more similarities than differences were observed in the treatment of process safety anomalies, especially those related to major accidents. The intense interactions between workers, equipment and processes, in both industries, have been making significant developments in the edge of innovation and technology, however increasing the complexity of risks in the workplaces. Furthermore, the differences between the preparation and handling of emergency situations show how complex, and critical, process safety is in these industrial areas. Aiming to adequately evidence how this complexity is intrinsically part of the various system that form the entire process, the FRAM (Functional ResonanceAnalysis Method) was utilized to model and analyses both accidents, under a human factors approach. Interactions and interrelations between LOPC, non technical skills, resilience and technical procedures were noticed as crucial for process safety and productivity of daily operations, as well as the preparedness for emergency situations.

The offshore exploration, drilling, and production, in O&G industry, are one of the most necessaryactivities of human Society. However, since its beginning in North America, the process variables- such as temperature, pressure and depth - have increased their operational parametersconsiderably, leaving the 21 meters deep, on land in 1859, extremely remote from the 6.500 metersin offshore area of Brazil Pre-Salt. To drill a subsea well and raise the crude oil to a platform, byitself, presents a series of risks that compromise the Process Safety of the entire plant. Avoiding aloss of containment, in addition to being inherent to safety itself, is also in the interest of theenvironment, production control and workers' health. In this sense, understand the safety barriers,as well as comprehend the Human Factors involved in Process Safety, not only brings operationalreliability to the plant, but also meets the requirements of the legislation and increases productivity.In this research, a FRAM was developed to analyze a loss of containment of an FPSO storage tank,showing the importance of a systemic understanding of Human Factors in Process Safety, actingas an effective barrier to the security of the entire process.

Since the first missions and until today, the aerospace industry has been making significant technological advances and developments, working in the edge of innovation and technology. Despite the considerable advances in this sector, the degree of complexity and the risks associated are inherent to the process. In this sense, the development of safety strategies, including human factors approach, is a way to promote process safety in the design of the projects, construction, operation, and maintenance, in land, air and space. Although NASA had implemented several safety barriers in their operations since its beginning, some major accidents occurred, notably Columbia (2003) and Challenger (1986). At the same time, workplaces in the oil and gas (O&G) industry have evolved to become part of the modern complex sociotechnical system that characterizes onshore and offshore facilities today. The intense interactions between workers, systems, equipment, and processes have made companies in this sector more productive, but significant and complex risks have also emerged. This industry has a history of several accidents, such as Piper Alpha (1988), Texas City Refinery (2005) and Deepwater Horizon (2010), causing heavy losses and global geopolitical changes. All these accidents, in aerospace and O&G industries, involved machines and system that are operating in the very limitof engineering, specially in the sharp end of the operations. Having both industries as background, this study presents a human factor approach to assess two relevant accidents, using the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) to perform this analysis.

This study presents a reanalysis of FPSO (Floating Production Storage & Offloading) CSM (Cidade de São Mateus) accident, occurred in February 2015, in the post-salt of the Camarupim fields, in the Espírito Santo offshore area, using the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) methodology, and based on technical-scientific materials such as books, articles and reports prepared by the companies involved in the accident and the Brazilian regulatory agency ANP (Agência Nacional do Petróleo, Gás Natural e Biocombustíveis). The purpose of this reanalysis is to seek elements, factors, characteristics and interactions that could not be well analyzed or evidenced using traditional risk assessment and accident investigation techniques, primally designed to analyze simple and linear systems. In order to have a coherent analysis between the accident and the complex sociotechnical systems involved, the FRAM methodology was chosen, as it comprehensively manages to analyze from simple to more complex systems. And in fact, with this reanalysis using the FRAM, it was possibleto perceive the influence of organizational elements, such as culture, in the entire accidental chain of the event. In addition, contractual pressures related to business, fear of hierarchical consequences and failures in decision making, at all levels, were also evidenced. The findings of this study highlighted the need of a broader approach for accidents involving high-tech industries, such as O&G and aerospace. In this sense, the FRAM enabled a more comprehensive and coherent analysis of the complexities of offshore oil production systems, notably in emergency situations, as was this accident. Comparisons between the traditional analysis methodologies, with the results obtained with the application of the FRAM, showed that there are elements contributing to the accidents that need to be considered, but that techniques limited to linear and simple systems still cannot cover this recognition. It was noticed that the greater the complexity of work systems, the greater the interaction and variability between personnel, equipment and systems, requiring, both for normal operation and for emergencies, analysis techniques and methodologies capable of recognizing the real complexities that take place in these socio-technical systems, especially aboard offshore oil platforms at sea.

This study presents a Human Factors and non-technical skills recognition and analysis in the operations activities of an offshore drilling platform, using the FRAM (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) to build a model of how the work is done by the drillers. The observations on board and the discussion together with the drillers provided the information and data necessary for the construction of the model and other conclusions. A specific form of presentation of the FRAM for the drillers was developed, seeking to create a bond of empathy and trust, promoting an adequate way of describing how the work is actually done, recognizing and analyzing the most relevant Human Factors and non-technical skills.

The Evolution of Technology in the workplace in the O&G industry carry this segment to a present dilemma, where ingiven situations, there is so much complexity that the system operability became quite complex too. In this context, thetraditional ways to promote safety – regulations and procedures – can’t deal with the demands from these complexsystem – like an offshore oil rig. Understand the evolution of these activities, and the increase of its complexity, candevelop an adequate manner of perceive the interaction between the equipment, environment, organization and workers,especially with regard risks and safety issues to prevent losses. Thus, the natural step to keep up with this is tounderstand the Human Factors and related Non-Technical Skills that are integrated with these systems, forming themodern sociotechnical complex system. In this evolved Safety-II approach, the FRAM (Functional Resonance AnalysisMethod) appears as an adequate methodology to recognize and analyse, seeking to promote safety and productivity.

It is on the sharp end of the O&G operations where the real work happens, but also where the highest risks and system demands are placed. Understanding the skills - technical and non-technical - necessary to perform efficiently and safely is not only needed to maintain the business and assets, but also to ensure the safety of lives and the environment. Accidents such as Piper Alpha (1988), P-36 (2001) and Deepwater Horizon (2010) highlight the importance of understanding the real role of the human element in these events, from the highest hierarchical levels to the sharp end, where the work as done takes place. This article presents a non-technical skills analysis focused on the sharp end of O&G operations, specifically in the facilities/utilities operations, onshore (refineries) and offshore (production platforms). The findings show the importance and presence of certain non-technical skills, as well as the need for improvement of others in the daily routine and in emergencies.

This article presents a proposal for a debriefing tool developed to support the development of bridge resource management skills of nautical science students. This debriefing tool consists of a set of questions that aim to trigger reflection about the bridge team’s performance during simulator exercises. The tool has been tested by students in conjunctions with the ship handling exercises. After this test, feedback from the students has been obtained through a focus group. The results show constrains that may jeopardize the utilization of a debriefing tool, but also encourages discussions regarding undesirable and desirable outcomes, gathering a channel for feedbacks. The study also indorsed this tool as a way of enhancing performance through the understanding, development and training of individual competences needed for a safe onboard work.

This study presents a reanalysis of Deepwater Horizon platform accident, occurred in April 2010, in offshore Macondo field, based on books, scientific articles and official reports prepared by the companies involved in the accident. The purpose of this reanalysis is to seek elements, factors, connections, inferences, and propositions that are new or different from those already found using analysis tools and methodologies that were built for simple or linear systems. In order to have a coherent analysis between the accident and the complex sociotechnical systems involved, the FRAM methodology (Functional Resonance Analysis Method) was chosen, as it coherently and comprehensively manages to analyse from simple to more complex systems. And in fact, with this reanalysis using the FRAM, it was possible to perceive the influence of organizational elements, such as culture, in the entire accidental chain of the event. In addition, contractual pressures related to business, fear of hierarchical consequences and failures in decision making, at all levels, were also evidenced. The findings of this study highlighted the need of a differentiated approach for accidents involving high-tech industries, such as O&G. In this sense, the human factors approach applied by FRAM, provides a coherent and evolved analysis of work, ultimately fostering productivity integrated with safety.

Exploration, drilling and production are the main activities of upstream segment and defines strategy, guidelines and budgets of many O&G companies. However, none of these can happens without an importantfirst step, where there is a huge work from geocientists: the field geological studies, where for years geologists, geophysicists and petroleum engineers have studied surface outcrops together to determine subsurface geological models for oil reservoirs. Although this work on outcrops is also part of the O&G segment, and has also been developed for years and years, the safety culture of these sites is not the same as on oil rigs, offshore platforms and onshore oil fields. In this sense, and seeking to add value for people and build a new safety culture, the present study puts in place a new element to this equation, having safety engineers and geoscientists - mainly geologists and geophysicists - developing together all the activities of geology field studies, promoting a new safer way to carry out an important and necessary study for the entire upstream chain. Thus, the aim of this study is to present the results that emerged from the teamwork between safety engineers and geologists, in the geoscience training activities of field courses in several outcrops in Brazil, South Africa and Argentina. These field courses are part of a main training program for geologists, geophysicists, petroleum engineers and other related professionals, coordinated by a corporate university of an integrated petroleum company, with national and international operation.

This study has addressed and focused on visualizing user problems and processing them through underlying theories about different system properties. The study is based on the current administration tool Everyware. The tool is today used by newspapers and media houses to build and maintain web magazines. An ongoing increase in digital news publishing contributes to competition in the newspaper and media industry. This in turn means that the industry wants to publish news as quickly and smoothly as possible, which has been a contributing factor to the purpose of the study. The purpose of the study has been to develop a new-minded interface proposal which, according to the users, should be experienced as easy to use, smooth and responsively. The theoretical framework for the study is based on the theory IS Success Model. With this theory, the study has investigated what success factors an information system, according to users, should provide. As a complement to the theory, the study has also used scientific areas such as user experience, usability and utility. Through different methods has eight potential users of the current tool been involved. The empirical material has been collected through individual semi structured interviews and a group interview. Based on the collected data, patterns have been developed for further development and adaption in the work process. A categorization based on different experiences regarding the use of the current tool took the study further towards the interface proposal. In order to create interface proposals, an analysis of the result that was obtained was required. A content analysis and an affinity diagram were created to determine primary requirements of users regarding a management tool properties. Based on the analysis, a proposal of a new interface for the Everyware administration tool could finally be made. The result of this study has shown that users of administration tools are dependent on that the tool are providing specific system, information and service characteristics. These characteristics can in turn lead to net benefits for users of the administration tool but also the newspaper industry and the readers.

This paper reports the wishes and needs of people with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) for a future information and communication technology (ICT) self-management service to help manage their condition and their everyday life. Diabetes is a chronic disease affecting more and more people and placing increasing demands on health care. The self-management of diabetes includes instrumental and, decision-making skills and skills in managing daily activities, which may be supported by an ICT service. In this study we used a participatory design including two sessions of Future Workshop (FW) as part of a larger research project on the self-management of diabetes. Adults with type 2 diabetes participated in two FW sessions in which their expressed wishes and needs for an ICT service all fell under the broad category of Acceptance of the diagnosis, with three other suggestions; Trust in partnerships, Communication, and Individualized information. The participants’ experience of the FW as a democratic process and their appreciation of mutual learning contributed to these results, which are consistent with the aims of person-centred care.

Through the analysis of the different iterations of the Geometry Mobile (GEM) project, a mobile learning effort in the field of mathematics, we have identified a major architectural issue to be addressed in the design and implementation of m-learning applications. Due to the dynamic nature of the field many challenging requirements are continuously emerging. One of them relates to the possibility to support collaborative activities that demand sharing resources between students and their mobile devices in constantly changing conditions. These situations generate the need of using decentralized distributed architectures in which mobile devices can share resources to carry out the activity covering the concerns defined by the different stakeholders. This paper describes our current efforts connected to identifying a set of requirements for M-Learning activities. Thereafter, we elaborate on why a decentralized distributed system (DDS) can be used to provide a novel solution to tackle the mentioned above problems. Moreover, initial aspects related to the design of a DDS, including a self-adaptation mechanism are presented.

Holographic communications technologies are a new digital technology being currently  developed by companies to be available to the public in the near future. Through holographic  communications technologies, the image of one user located in one place can be captured with  special equipment from different angles, so that its three-dimensional depiction is created  realistically. The 3D depiction is then transmitted in high-quality to another user located in some  other remote place, creating a whole new experience of unconventional data communication. This  new digital technology is planned to be deployed in several fields, such as marketing, education,  medicine, business and entertainment. However, like any new technological tool that is  introduced, also in the case of holographic communication technologies there are ethical and/or  legal challenges that could emerge from its misuse and set in danger fundamental human rights. 

Hence, research was conducted as an interpretive qualitative study to explore the potential ethical  and/or legal challenges of holographic communications technologies by considering the  knowledge, opinions, experiences, and perspectives of legal experts, as well as experts on ethical  issues. The empirical data was collected through individual semi-structured interviews from the  selected participants, and from the review of mainly confidential documents, before being  subjected to a thematic analysis. The analysis of the data gave prominence to five themes which  were reviewed in the context of the research question and the proposed theoretical framework  with the help of Ethical Technology Assessment (ETA). The discussion of the findings revealed  that the most prominent challenges that could arise from the use of holographic communications  technologies are privacy and data protection issues. It was further shown that existing digital  technologies with similar features and the ethical and/or legal challenges confronted in the past  about them can be of help to approach the ones regarding holographic communications  technologies. The research indicated that the designing phase of a new digital technology, and  accordingly holographic communication technologies, is important as decisions are being made  about the technical features of it, as well as the capabilities it will offer to the end users. Hence, it  plays a vital role to whether the use of the digital technology will be according to ethics and laws  later on. It was also shown that the participation of end users in this phase is important to reflect  their concerns and desires with the creators before the new digital technology is introduced, but  it is still a challenge to decide who will be included and on what criteria they will be selected.  

The research showed that existing ethical and legal frameworks are important to form a  corresponding framework for holographic communications technologies and can be built upon.  However, this is also a challenge, as, according to the research, any new framework that will be  constructed with regard to holographic communications technologies cannot possibly be  unanimous as different norms and societal beliefs apply to different territories or domains, but  should rather be “personalized” according to the targeted audience.

The modern human being accesses the internet to a larger extent than earlier and this leads to people facing a grand flow of information. Earlier research suggests that it has become increasingly important for individuals to be able to filter the information. One aspect that internet users consciously or unconsciously use to assess a service or system is its measure of credibility, how credible it appears to be or is. Furthermore, sources of information have different characteristics – for example design, user interface and flow of information – that affects people's perception concerning how credible a service, system or source of information appears to be. This also affects a user's will and intent to use a system, service or source of information. This study has investigated how important credibility is to a user in the early stages of use of a service or system, and map out the factors that affect the measure of perceived credibility. The study has its foundation in the technology acceptance model (TAM). Perceived credibility was introduced in the model together with the already existing perceived usefulness and perceived ease of use to see if there are characteristics that strengthened the intent to use. The study continued with user testing, “think aloud”- techniques and interviews with a group of potential users to find out how they view credibility. The answers were then compared to accomplished research in this area of study. The study shows that the initial experience with an interface sets the bar for the continued experience and that contemporary use of colour and form has profound impact. Even if the user faces issues during user testing and if flaws are found in the flow and structure of information, the first experience still holds its sway. The study also shows that the intent to use magnifies when a well-structured user interface is combined with clear information. Recommendations from friends and the number of users that a service or system has are also factors that contribute to the perceived credibility, which then leads to intention to use. 

As data has become more readily available, the use of information systems has increased dramatically to gain valuable insights linked to the organization's decision-making processes. The process of converting data into meaningful information is now called Big Data Analytics (BDA), which makes it possible to create data transparency, improve human decision-making and gain increased insight into the market, customers, and competitors. Companies are increasingly striving to deliver value through the BDA, including people, processes, and technologies that manage data into insights that lead to better business decisions and actions. Despite these promises about BDA, there is currently a gap between its potential and itsrealization. A significant challenge in BDA is that data cannot translate into real business value due to a lack of knowledge where the results clearly show a lack of competence in theemployeesIt contributes to organizationsnot being able to harness the power of the BDA.for how data should convert from raw data to insights.

Thus to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomenon of BDA, this thesis aims to understand how data can transform into actionable knowledge. First, based on a qualitative approach, a cloud-based case company is select, where four persons participated in a semi- structured interview from different roles. Then, a thematic analysis was designed based on the empirical data from the interviews that identified four themes. From there, these themes were analyzed against the background of the research question within a selected literature review of the concept Big Data (BD), BDA, and Data Information Knowledge and Wisdom (DIKW) pyramid. The DIKW–pyramid is a well-known knowledge model in IS literature to transform information into an increased realization and understanding.

Finally, the results of the dissertation contribute to expanding the current research area to take new measures in BDA. This is based on the that the participants show that data can influence the company’s decisions and BDA is a powerful concept to use more of, both in terms of gain valuable insights and form the basis for decision-makers to move towards a more data- driven organization. New proposals are presented, and the results can be an essential and exciting insight into IS research. From a practical perspective, the dissertation intends to highlight four critical interests for the data-driven organization to utilize data power.