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  • 1.
    Abdeljaber, Osama
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Habite, Tadios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Olsson, Anders
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Automatic estimation of annual ring profiles in Norway spruce timber boards using optical scanning and deep learning2023In: Computers & structures, ISSN 0045-7949, E-ISSN 1879-2243, Vol. 275, article id 106912Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In softwood species, annual ring width correlates with various timber characteristics, including the density and modulus of elasticity along with bending and tensile strengths. Knowledge of annual ring profiles may contribute to more accurate machine strength grading of sawn timber. This paper proposes a fast and accurate method for automatic estimation of ring profiles along timber boards on the basis of optical scanning. The method utilizes two 1D convolutional neural networks to determine the pith location and detect the surface annual rings at multiple cross-sections along the scanned board. The automatically extracted rings and pith information can then be used to estimate the annual ring profile at each cross-section. The proposed method was validated on a large number of board cross-sections for which the pith locations and radial ring width profiles had been determined manually. The paper also investigates the potential of using the automatically estimated average ring width as an indicating property in machine strength grading of sawn timber. The results indicated that combining the automatically estimated ring width with other prediction variables can improve the accuracy of bending and tensile strength predictions, especially when the grading is based only on information extracted from optical and laser scanning data.(C) 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.

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  • 2.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    A laser drilling technique to improve impregnability of spruce and fir2016In: 3rd BASF Wolman Conference, 14 September 2016, Linnaeus University, Växjö, Sweden, 2016Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 3.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Aristotelian University, Greece.
    Flexural properties of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) small clear wood specimens in relation to the direction of load application2002In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 60, no 5, p. 325-327Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Values of pure moduli of elasticity (PMOE), experimental modulus of elasticity (MOE) in static bending and moduli of rigidity (GLR, GLT) were calculated in juvenile and mature black locust defect-free small wood specimens after loading in static bending alternately on true radial and tangential surfaces. For both juvenile and mature specimens, no significant differences (t-test, 95% probability level) were found between the radial and tangential moduli of elasticity and rigidity. Values of PMOE were found to be 27–32% higher than the corresponding values of MOE at the 15:1 span-to-depth ratio.

  • 4.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Group of Forest Products2018In: Presented at Symposium "Perspectives in Renewables", 4-5 June 2018, BOKU Vienna, Austria, 2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 5.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Aristotelian University, Greece.
    Influence of hot-water extractives on radial and tangential shrinkage of black locust wood (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)2002In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 60, no 5, p. 377-378Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    IntroductionRemoval of extractives increases the shrinkage and swelling of wood (Nearn 1955, Salamon and Kozak 1968, Cooper 1974, Taylor 1974). The effect of progressive extraction on the above properties has not been investigated much. In oak (Quercus conferta L.), a forest species rich in extractives, the shrinkage progressively increased with progressive extraction (Voulgaridis et al. 1980). In black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), much of the main-stem volume is comprised of heartwood, characterized by the presence of dark yellow-brown extractives. While the extractives of black locust give the heartwood its distinctive color and decay resistance, they comprise only 6.2 to 8.3% of the dry weight of the main stem (Stringer 1992). Hot-water extractives range from 5.2 to 8.6% (Hart 1968, So et al. 1980). The present study was primarily undertaken to determine whether the progressive removal of hot-water extractives affects the radial and tangential shrinkage of black locust heartwood.

  • 6. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Radial variation of fiber and vessel member dimensions as an indication of juvenile/mature wood transition in black locust2006In: Wood Structure and Properties ’06. / [ed] S. Kurjtatko, J. Kúdela and R. Lagaňa, 2006, p. 19-23Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 7.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    TEI Thessaly, Greece.
    Recovery and utilization of wood and rubber at the end of their lifespan to produce innovative products2014In: Development and Business Prospects in Thessaly by Symbiotic Utilization of Agricultural and Industrial Solid Waste to Produce Materials and Energy, November 24, Larissa, Greece, 2014Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 8. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Silvicultural practices in relation to quality of timber produced in Greece1999In: 2nd Workshop of COST Action E10: Wood properties for Industrial Use, 13-15 June, Tapada de Mafra, Portugal, 1999, p. 50-53Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 9.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    TEI of Thessaly, Greece.
    Utilisation of recovered wood and rubber for alternative composite Products (Woodrub)2013In: Tire Rubber Recycling Forum 2013, November 19-20, Brussels, Belgium, 2013Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Promoting sustainable raw material management and increasing the recycling of waste wood and waste rubber are two strategic thrusts that open large domains for new technologies and innovations.

    This project, in line with objectives of LIFE+ Environment Policy & Governance aims to increase resource efficiency through the utilization of these wood and rubber wastes through the manufacturing of new products based on innovative mixed composites (wood/rubber). This new products will constitute an alternative for the utilization of other traditional and less eco-efficient products in the residential and civil construction sector.

    Moreover, the project will provide a novel end of life route for wood waste managers and rubber waste managersʼ products and entities a new environmental friendly product to public and private construction sector.The use of these products will increase the carbon storage in buildings and replace other building materials which are less environmentally friendly towards carbon storage and emission, both in production processes and raw material use.

    The recovered wood category to be utilised will be waste wood from households (furniture, doors, windows, floors, etc.). This material is chemically contaminated by glues, lacquers, paints and coatings but not by preservatives. After collection, the waste wood material will be chipped and processed in the form of chips without any prior biological, thermal or chemical treatment. This is an innovative approach since the removal of all these chemicals is difficult and time/ cost consuming.

    Recovered rubber form tyres in the form of particles, free from other materials as wires, ropes, synthetic fibres, etc., will be utilised with recovered wood chips or sawn timber for the production of innovative composite products by thermal processes.

    This project is in line with latest research in wood – rubber applications (Yang et al. 2004, Zhao et al. 2008).

  • 10.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Utilisation of renewable biomass and waste materials in furniture and construction composites2018Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 11.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Wood variation and properties for industrial use2018In: Presented at FRAS workshop “Varierat skogsbruk  - hur påverkar olika skötselstrategier framtidens träprodukter?", 2018Conference paper (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 12.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Lankveld, Chiel
    Accsys Group, Netherlands.
    Acoustic properties of acetylated wood under different humid conditions and its relevance for musical instruments2018In: Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wood Modification 2018, Arnhem, The Netherlands / [ed] Jos Creemers, Thomas Houben, Bôke Tjeerdsma, Holger Militz and Brigitte Junge, The Netherlands: Practicum , 2018, p. 236-243Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In musical instrument making, less expensive wood species and materials with good characteristics and acoustical properties can provide potentials to find alternatives to the traditional exotic wood species used today. Modified wood could be such a choice if shows similar sound characteristics to wood coming from endangered and expensive tropical species with problematic commercial availability. In musical instruments, the overall functionality depends on the contribution of wood to different material performance indexes like sound radiation coefficient (R), characteristic impedance (z) and acoustic conversion efficiency (ACE). In this study, the performance indexes were measured for acetylated beech, maple and radiata pine and compared with these obtained for the reference wood materials maple, mahogany, alder and ash. A non-destructive free-free flexural vibration test method was used at constant temperature (20oC) but in different humid conditions- dry (35% RH), standard (65% RH) and wet (85% RH). Dimensional changes in the different humid conditions were also taken in account. Acetylated wood showed lower EMC with higher dimensional stability at each humidity level as compared with the reference wood materials. These properties are considered important factors for making quality musical instruments. Based on the acoustical properties, acetylated wood materials, especially radiata pine, showed good potential for use for musical instruments where specific characteristics of sound are required. However, the other types of acetylated wood can also be used for specific musical instruments.

  • 13.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany ; Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Bastani, Alireza
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Gascón-Garrido, Patricia
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Militz, Holger
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Mai, Carsten
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Adhesive bonding of beech wood modified with a phenol formaldehyde compound2012In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 70, no 6, p. 897-901Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Untreated (controls) and phenol–formaldehyde (PF)-modified beech wood (10 and 25 % solid content) were glued with phenol resorcinol formaldehyde (PRF) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc). Shear strength of PRF-bonded specimens was higher than that of PVAc-bonded ones under dry and wet conditions irrespective of the pre-treatment. Under dry conditions, only PVAc-bonded specimens exhibited reduction in shear strength due to PF-modification with 25 % PF concentration as compared to the controls. PF treated wood provided inferior bonding under wet conditions with the exception of 25 % PF concentration specimens glued with PRF adhesive. Modification with PF resulted in a decrease of adhesive penetration into the porous network of interconnected cells, especially at 25 % PF concentration.

  • 14.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Chavenetidou, Marina
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Span-to-depth ratio for shear free deformations in static bending of small wood specimens2011In: Wood research, ISSN 1336-4561, Vol. 56, no 3, p. 429-434Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Disregarding shear effects is a principal defect in predicting the bending strengths of small clear specimens of timber according to standards. The present study proposes a method to determine spans of 2 x 2 cm wood specimens of black locust and chestnut for shear free deformations in static bending. It was found that for both ring-porous species, spans of at least 40 cm in a bending test would ensure a negligible influence of shear on modulus of elasticity.

  • 15.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Chavenetidou, Marina
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Effect of cambium age and ring width on density and fibre length of black locust and chestnut wood2010In: Wood research, ISSN 1336-4561, Vol. 55, no 3, p. 25-36Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The relationship between wood density (WD) and fibre length (FL) with cambium age (CA) and ring width (RW) was studied in two ring-porous species, black locust and coppice-grown chestnut, collected in the Sithonia Peninsula, Chalkidiki, Greece. Using regression analysis methods, models of WD and FL in relation to CA and RW were obtained. It was found that the effect of CA and RW on WD and FL was similar for both species examined. WD of black locust and chestnut was predicted better through a model using CA and RW. A model for FL variations was also obtained with CA and RW and was more accurate than the simple models based on the two factors, CA and RW, separately. The multiple regression models suggested that the use of cambial age of growth rings together with their width might explain better their effects on WD and FL of black locust and chestnut.

  • 16.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Foti, Dafni
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Manufacturing and properties of gypsum-based products with recovered wood and rubber materials2015In: BioResources, ISSN 1930-2126, E-ISSN 1930-2126, Vol. 10, no 3, p. 5573-5585Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The experimental production of gypsum-based products (cylindrical samples, solid bricks) using different fractions of wood chips and rubber particles was studied. Recovered rubber and wood materials were mixed with gypsum and water in various proportions to fabricate gypsum-wood and gypsum-rubber cylindrical samples and standard solid bricks with six holes using appropriate molds. It was shown that to manufacture gypsum-wood and gypsum-rubber products with good mechanical strength, coarse fractions of wood and rubber should be used, but the proportion of wood or rubber should not exceed 25%. No thermal conductivity differences were found between the wood-and rubber-type of gypsum products, and particle size and material proportion had no effect. Samples with fine wood and rubber particles present at a lower proportion (25%) exhibited similar sound absorption behavior. The solid bricks had slightly higher strength when loaded at the large surface of their lateral upper side than when loaded at the small surface. The bricks provided better thermal insulation than both the extruded and pressed house bricks but lower than that of insulating bricks. The emission of volatile organic compounds out of the bricks was at an acceptable level according to regulations for construction products.

  • 17.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Gellerich, A
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Mantanis, G
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Kalaitzi, T
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Militz, H
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Resistance of Pinus leucodermis heartwood and sapwood against the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana2012In: Wood Material Science & Engineering, ISSN 1748-0272, E-ISSN 1748-0280, Vol. 7, no 4, p. 242-244Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study assessed the decay resistance of Pinus leucodermis wood to the brown-rot fungus Coniophora puteana. Based upon the median weight losses of 30.65% for heartwood and of 34.68% for sapwood obtained in the biological tests, both the heartwood and sapwood material examined was classified as not durable (durability class 5) according to the CEN/TS 15083-1 classification. Total extractives were low, 3.93% in heartwood and 1.00% in sapwood, while lignin content was 22.60% and 25.41% in heartwoodand sapwood, respectively. It is highly recommended to use protective treatments before using P.leucodermis wood in outdoor conditions.

  • 18.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Hosseinpourpia, Reza
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Mai, Carsten
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Tensile strength of handsheets prepared with macerated fibres from solid wood modified with cross-linking agents2015In: Holzforschung, ISSN 0018-3830, E-ISSN 1437-434X, Vol. 69, no 8, p. 959-966Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study was conducted to explain the tensile strength loss of wood due to the modification with 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU) and glutaraldehyde (GA). Modified and control wood blocks were macerated to deliberate fibres, and handsheets were produced thereof. The nitrogen content of the fibres indicated that maceration removed the major proportions of DMDHEU. The stability of GA in wood during maceration was not assessed. Tensile strength determined at zero span (z-strength) and finite span (f-strength) was equal for the handsheets from DMDHEU-modified fibres and the control handsheets. The microscopic appearance of the tested finite-span paper strips from DMDHEU-modified fibres mainly indicated interfibre failure and did not differ from the fibre fracture mode of the control handsheets. In contrast, the z-strength of the handsheets from GA-modified fibres was lower than that of controls and decreased with increasing content of GA in the initial modified wood. The f-strength behaviour of the handsheets from GA-modified fibres was the opposite: it was higher than that of controls and increased with increasing GA content. The microscopic appearance of the rapture zones of the finite-span testing mainly indicated intrafibre failure for the GA-modified fibres. It was concluded that cross-linking is likely to be the major reason for tensile strength loss of GA- and DMDHEU-modified wood. In terms of DMDHEU-modified wood, the incrustation of the cell wall by the resin and the reduction in pliability could play an additional role.

  • 19.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Karageorgos, Anthony
    Passialis, Costas
    Chavenetidou, Marina
    Mathematical approach for defining juvenile-mature wood transition zone in black locust and chestnut2011In: Wood and Fiber Science, ISSN 0735-6161, no 3, p. 336-342Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article defines age of transition from juvenile to mature wood in two ring-porous species, black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) and chestnut (Castanea sativa Mill.). A logistic function was proposed using fiber length and ring width data of three black locust trees, aged 35-37 yr, and five chestnut coppice trees, aged 25-27 yr, from Sithonia Peninsula, Chalkidiki, Greece. The approach proved to be practical and objective in delineating maturity zones, and it was based on rate of change of yearly fiber length. The juvenile wood zone spread to the sixth growth ring from the pith in both species, whereas the demarcation of juvenile and mature wood was at age 12 and 14 yr in chestnut and black locust, respectively. Transition zone width comprised rings 7-12 in chestnut and rings 7-14 in black locust.

  • 20.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Karastergiou, Sotirios
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Foti, Dafni
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Filippou, Vasileios
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    ΑΝΑΚΤΗΣΗ ΞΥΛΟΤΕΜΑΧΙΔΙΩΝ ΑΠΟ ΑΠΟΣΥΡΟΜΕΝΕΣ ΜΟΡΙΟΠΛΑΚΕΣ ΜΕ ΥΔΡΟ-ΜΗΧΑΝΙΚΕΣ ΜΕΘΟΔΟΥΣ: [ Chips recovered from waste particleboards by hydro-mechanical methods ]2017In: ΠΡΑȀΤǿȀΑ : 18ου Πανελλήνιου Δασολογικού Συνεδρίου : “Η Ελληνική Δασοπονία μπροστά σε σημαντικές προκλήσεις: αειφορική διαχείριση δασών, δασικοί χάρτες, περιβαλλοντικές τεχνολογίες – δικτύωση και προστασία φυσικού περιβάλλοντος”: & International Workshop : “Information Technology, Sustainable Development, Scientific Network & Nature Protection” : 8-11 Οκτωβρίου 2017, ΕΔΕΣΣΑ ΠΕȁȁΑΣ, Περιοχή Βαρόσι, Hellenic Forestry Society , 2017, p. 349-356Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    It was studied the recovery of wood chips from waste particleboards by immersion in water at ambient temperature and by mechanical treatment (agitation and impact, waterblasting). Four different categories of waste particleboards were used, with and without coating, after their reduction in smaller pieces with dimensions of about 7 × 8 cm.  The investigated methods were: (I) immersion for 3 days-impregnation with vacuum and pressure-agitation and impact (II) immersion for 7 days-drying-rewetting for 12 hours-agitation and impact (III) immersion for 3 days-waterblasting. The maximum thickness swelling (about 90%) was achieved by immersing the particleboards in the water for 3 days, and therefore the vacuum and pressure impregnation step can be omitted in practice. Recovery of wood chips was significantly higher (51.54%) in the case of successive wetting and drying cycles compared to simple immersion in water (17.32%). Both these methods I and II, involving agitation and impact for recovering wood chips from waste particleboards, are easily applicable at the industry. Method III with waterblasting resulted in complete recovery of wood chips within a very short time, but its application requires more research

  • 21.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Koch, Gerald
    Johann Heinrich von Thünen-Institut, Germany.
    Wood structure and topochemistry of Juniperus excelsa2011In: IAWA Journal, ISSN 0928-1541, Vol. 32, no 1, p. 67-76Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Wood structure and topochemical distribution of lignin and phenolic extractives in Juniperus excelsa Bieb. were investigated using a mature specimen, aproximately 80 years of age, from the Rhodope mountains, Greece. The wood of J. excelsa was found to possess the same qualitative anatomical features as those reported for other Juniperus species of the Western Hemisphere. Quantitative anatomical characteristics recorded for mature wood (heartwood and sapwood) included earlywood and latewood tracheid length, double wall thickness of earlywood and latewood tracheids, lumen diameter of earlywood tracheids and ray height. Scanning UV microspectrophotometry revealed a pronounced lignification of J. excelsa tracheids with detected absorbance values of the secondary cell wall layers being much higher in comparison to all other softwoods studied using this technique. The cell corners and compound middle lamellae were characterised by relative high UV absorbance values as compared to the S2 layers. The phenolic compounds deposited in the axial and ray parenchyma cells possessed higher absorbance values than cell wall associated lignins and had a different spectral behaviour due to the presence of chromophoric groups. According to the obtained UV absorbance spectra, more condensed phenolic compounds were deposited in the heartwood than in the sapwood.

  • 22. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Milios, E
    Brutia pine wood properties from young reforestations2007In: / [ed] M. Ispas, 2007, p. 11-18Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 23.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Milios, E.
    Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
    Doganos, D.
    Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
    Bistinas, I.
    Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
    Ring width, latewood proportion and dry density in stems of Pinus brutia Ten2009In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 67, no 4, p. 471-477Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study examined basic characteristics of stem wood produced in Pinus brutia Ten. reforestations in Northeastern Greece. Sixteen dominant trees growing at good and medium site qualities were felled at 14–22 years. Site quality classification was based on site quality surrogates and confirmed by using site index curves that were created for a neighbouring area. Discs were taken at three stem positions (base, middle, top) to study variations in ring width, latewood proportion and dry density. Generally, at both good and medium sites, ring width was found to increase towards the top of the stems while latewood proportion and dry density showed a negative relationship with stem height. Radial variability trends were similar at all heights, and at both sites, revealing a rapid increase for ring width in the first 3–6 annual rings followed by a decrease towards the bark, a gradual increase for latewood proportion and no specific change for dry density. Comparisons between wood material produced during the same growth period (2005–2001) showed statistically significant differences among sampling heights in all cases except for dry density in medium sites. At the base of the stems, mean ring width and dry density were significantly (P ≤0.05) higher at good sites (3.6 mm and 0.53 g/cm3) than at medium sites (3.0 mm and 0.50 g/cm3). However, the differences between the sites are of small magnitude and therefore have limited practical impact on wood processing. The availability of such data is useful in utilising small-dimension timber of brutia pine.

  • 24. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Passialis, C
    Voulgaridis, E
    Prediction of bending and shear strength properties by using nondestructive parameters in fir and black locust2001Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 25.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Passialis, C
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, E
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Oliver, JV
    Polytechnic University of Valencia, Spain.
    Grammage and structural density as quality indexes of packaging grade papers manufactured from recycled pulps2014In: Drewno, ISSN 1644-3985, Vol. 57, no 191, p. 145-151Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Corrugated packaging production is currently facing the challenge to ensure a satisfactory strength of packaging despite the continuous increase in recycled paper as the main fibrous component. This research addresses a very common technical problem for the corrugated board industry – the difficulty of predicting the properties of paper products produced from heterogeneous sources. Grammage and structural density, being easily available data, were examined as quality parameters of the most common categories of packaging paper in Europe. Grammage, ranging from 100 to 225 g/m2, has been found to be a dominant parameter for estimating the strength properties of paper.

  • 26.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Relationship of the toughness and the modulus of elasticity in static bending of small clear spruce wood specimens2010In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 68, no 1, p. 109-111Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Unlike static bending, toughness is a mechanical property less commonly measured in clear wood. The paper presents results on the relationship of toughness and modulus of elasticity in static bending based on DIN standard tests on small, clear specimens of spruce, 2×2 cm2 in cross section.

  • 27.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Ring width, latewood proportion and density relationships in black locust wood of different origins and clones2010In: IAWA Journal, ISSN 0928-1541, Vol. 31, no 2, p. 169-178Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Cross-sectional discs were cut at breast height from 19 black locust trees aged 18–39 years of different clones and origin (Greece, Bulgaria and Hungarian clones J, U and NY). Ring width, latewood proportion and dry density were measured according to standard laboratory techniques in order to examine their relationships. Latewood proportion was found to increase (except for one tree from Bulgaria) with increasing ring width and logarithmic equations were calculated with relatively high correlation coefficients. A positive relation between dry density and latewood proportion was found in black locust of Bulgarian origin and in the Hungarian clone NY while in all other cases no meaningful relationship was observed. In mature wood, improved positive linear correlations were observed between dry density and latewood proportion with the exception of the Hungarian clone U. Regression analysis revealed low correlations between dry density and ring width and only black locust from Bulgaria had a high positive correlation. The positive correlations between dry density and ring width were slightly improved in mature wood with the exception of clone J from Hungary.

  • 28.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Karditsa, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Technological Educational Institute of Karditsa, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Strength properties of juvenile and mature wood in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)2007In: Wood and Fiber Science, ISSN 0735-6161, Vol. 39, no 2, p. 241-249Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This study was undertaken to investigate the strength properties of juvenile and mature wood in black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.). Wood specimens were prepared from various stem heights, up to 9 m, of five naturally-grown black locust trees, 21-37 years old. Mechanical properties tested included moduli of rupture (MOR) and elasticity (MOE), and pure modulus of elasticity (PMOE) in static bending, stress wave modulus of elasticity (SWMOE) in dynamic strength, axial compression, and toughness. Comparisons between juvenile and mature wood specimens of similar densities (0.667-0.894 g/cm3 and 0.682-0.892 g/cm3, respectively) showed that juvenile wood had a statistically significant lower mean MOR (138.78 N/mm2), MOE (13,936 N/mm2), PMOE (18,125 N/mm2), SWMOE (16,813 N/mm2) and toughness strength (155.25 KJ/m2) than the mature wood (148.29 N/mm2, 14,747 N/mm2, 19,498 N/mm2, 17,635 N/mm2 and 181.27 KJ/m2, respectively). On the contrary, no statistically significant differences were found for the mean strength in axial compression among juvenile (63.75 N/mm2) and mature wood (66.65 N/mm2). Fractured surfaces of juvenile and mature wood specimens in static bending and toughness were classified into the "splintering tension" type of failure, while compression failures were of the "shearing type" according to ASTM D 143-83 standards. Lower strength of juvenile wood in most of the properties examined may be attributed to anatomical and chemical properties rather than density of wood specimens. The adverse influence of juvenile wood on strength properties should be considered for effective management (e.g. longer rotation age and other genetic and forest or plantation management measures that reduce juvenile wood content) and utilization of the species.

  • 29.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Moustaizis, Stavros
    Technical University of Crete, Greece.
    Kortsalioudakis, Nathanail
    Technical University of Crete, Greece.
    Petrakis, Panagiotis
    Technical University of Crete, Greece.
    Karastergiou, Sotirios
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Foti, Dafni
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Koutsianitis, Dimitrios
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Voulgaridou, Eleni
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Effect of laser drilling on mechanical properties of fir (Abies borisii regis) and spruce (Picea excelsa) wood2014In: Wood Structure, Properties and Quality – 2014: 5th RCCWS International Symposium, Moscow State University Press, 2014, p. 7-12Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Fir and spruce wood specimens, 2×2 cm in cross section and 34 cm long, were pre-pared with true radial and tangential surfaces. All lateral surfaces of the wood specimens were drilled by laser beams to a depth of 0,4 cm (1/5 of specimen thickness) with two drilling pat-terns (distance between holes 1 × 1 cm and 1 × 2 cm). After drilling, static bending (MOR, MOE), axial compression strength and toughness were determined and compared with non-drilled control specimens. The effects of the two laser drilling patterns on mechanical proper-ties of fir and spruce wood specimens were measured and assessed. The results showed that the two drilling patterns created by laser beams on all lateral surfaces of fir and spruce wood specimens at 0,4 mm depth did not practically affect the mechanical properties of wood.

  • 30.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Säll, Harald
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Sjöberg, Samuel
    Relationship between ultrasonic velocity and spiral grain in standing hybrid aspen trees2016In: Proceedings of the Hardwood Conference, Eco-efficient Resource Wood with Special Focus on Hardwoods, 8-9 September, 2016, Sopron, Sopron: University of West Hungary Press , 2016, p. 22-23Conference paper (Refereed)
  • 31. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Voulgaridis, E
    Impregnation of timber and regulations applied to preservation practice in Greece1998Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The practice of wood preservation in Greece was started about 80 years ago and refer to creosote-treated timber used in ground contact (i.e. railway sleepers, poles). At present, three creosote impregnation plants and thirteen CCA or CCB units exist in Greece treating about 90.000 m3 of wood per year. Most of the research on wood preservation has been carried out in the last 15-20 years and refer to the application of creosote and water soluble preservatives (CCA, CCB) to native wood species. However, research on a number of specific topics of wood impregnation is lacking. Impregnation of wood is of great importance for Greece, a country with great wood deficit, and, for this reason, the elongation of wood durability is strongly desirable. On the other hand, the environmentally safe impregnation of timber and the use of preservatives in a non-hazardous manner to humans or animals are gaining an increasing importance. There are some national and EU regulations applied to the use of preservatives, while the Greek Organization of Standardization (ELOT) is responsible for approving European standards. The organizations of Greek Telecommunication, Electricity and Railway apply their own standards.

  • 32.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Dimensional changes of extracted and non-extracted small wood specimens of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)2003In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 61, no 4, p. 264-268Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    From straight grained heartwood of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), specimens, 3 cm×3 cm in cross section and 0.5 mm (or 10 mm) in axial direction, were cut and used for the determination of dimensional changes and the rate of tangential swelling. Mean radial, tangential and axial shrinkage was 5.30%, 6.67% and 0.16%, respectively, while the coefficient of anisotropy was 1.26. Half of the specimens for the determination of the rate of tangential swelling were extracted for 48 h with distilled hot water. The tangential dimensional change and the time taken to attain half maximum swelling in air-dry and oven-dry specimens were assessed according to a common technique. Extractive removal resulted in an increase of the total magnitude of tangential swelling in both air-dry and oven-dry specimens. However, no significant differences in time taken to attain half maximum swelling between air-dry and oven-dry specimens were observed after extraction. The rate of tangential swelling was lower in air-dry specimens than in oven-dry specimens after 30 min of immersion in water when were non-extracted and after 5 min of immersion in water when were extracted. Extracted air-dry specimens had a greater rate of tangential swelling than non-extracted air-dry specimens and the same occurred for oven-dry specimens. Extraction resulted in a higher diffusion coefficient for air-dry specimens. The diffusion coefficient calculated for non-extracted air-dry specimens (0.901×10−4 cm2/min) showed that black locust is a difficult species to impregnate.

  • 33.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Effect of hot-water extractives on water sorption and dimensional changes of black locust wood2012In: Wood research, ISSN 1336-4561, Vol. 57, no 1, p. 69-78Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The hygroscopicity and the dimensional changes of black locust heartwood were investigated in relation to the progressive removal of hot-water extractives. Extraction in the original specimen form removed only part of the total 8.434 % hot-water extractives, 3.601 % in first extraction and 4.642 % in second extraction. As a result, the adsorption and desorption behaviour of black locust wood was little affected by the extraction and only a small increase was observed in dimensional changes at every RH from 0 % to 97 %. The mean hysteresis coefficient was also little affected by extraction and increased from 0.75 at the unextracted stage to 0.77 at the second extraction. The initial dimensional change 3.76 % of unextracted black locust wood corresponding to RH changes between 43 % and 80 % increased after the first and second extraction to the respective values of 3.96 % and 3.97 %. Extraction had no effect on the significant, very strong linear relationships between swelling or shrinkage and equilibrium moisture content (EMC).

  • 34.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Aristotelian University, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotelian University, Greece.
    Within-tree variation in growth rate and cell dimensions in the wood of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia)2002In: IAWA Journal, ISSN 0928-1541, Vol. 23, no 2, p. 191-199Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) is regarded as an important natural resource almost throughout the world but relatively little is known about the within-tree variability of the anatomical characteristics of its wood. Discs 2 cm thick were cut at 2.25 m intervals, from the ground level to the top from ten black locust trees, 18–37-years-old, from the University Forest of Taxiarchi, Chalkidiki, Greece. The discs were used for the determination of growth rate and cell dimensions (fiber length and vessel member length and diameter) and their withintree variability (radial, oblique, vertical). Growth rate increased within the first 5–9 growth rings from the pith and then gradually decreased. Oblique variation of growth rate did not exhibit any clear tendency but a decrease at the top. In the case of vertical variation, growth rate decreased gradually with the year of cambium formation. Radial variability curves were found to be typical for the dimensions of cells (fibers, vessel members) especially for the fiber length. A rapid increase in cell dimensions was observed in the first 7–11 growth rings, the juvenile zone. Oblique and vertical variation of cell dimensions did not exhibit any clear tendencies.

  • 35.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Ποιότητα και μεταβλητότητα της δομής του ξύλουσε σχέση με την αξιοποίησή του: [Quality and variability of wood structure in relation to its utilization]2012In: Το Δάσος: Μια Ολοκληρωμένη Προσέγγιση: [The forest: An integrated approach] / [ed] Aristotélis Papageorgíou, Geórgios Karétsos, Geórgios Katsadorákis, WWF Greece , 2012, p. 213-227Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 36. Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Passialis, C.
    Wood quality characteristics of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia  L.)2001In: Forest Research - New Series, Vol. 14, p. 63-72Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 37.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Thessaly, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Gypsum-based bricks (WoodRub BRICKS) manufactured from recovered wood and rubber2014In: Performance and maintenance of biobased building materials influencing the life cycle and LCA / [ed] Andreja Kutnar, Miha Humar, Michael Burnard, Mojca Žlahtič, Dennis Jones, 2014, p. 33-34Conference paper (Other academic)
  • 38.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Variation of certain chemical properties within the stemwood of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.)2005In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 63, no 5, p. 327-333Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    From the bottom, middle, and top of three mature 35 to 37-year old black locust tree discs were cut and analysed to determine the variation within the stem of certain chemical properties. Hot-water extractive content was greater in heartwood than in sapwood, while the reverse occurred for the dichloromethane extractive content. Vertical stem analysis of hot-water extractives showed that they increased in heartwood but decreasedin sapwood from the bottom to the top of the stems while the reversal occurred for dichloromethane extractive content of sapwood. At the bottom and the middle of the stems, ash content was greater in sapwood than in heartwood, but at the top no difference was found between heartwood and sapwood. Ash content of both heartwood and sapwood was found to increase in the axial direction with respective values of 0.36% (bottom) and 0.76% (top) for heartwood and of 0.65% (bottom) and 0.76% (top) for sapwood. Ash analysis showed that considerable variations were found for the inorganic elements K and P being greater in sapwood than in heartwood. Heartwood was more acid than sapwood except for the top of the stems. Acidity mean values were found to increase from the bottom to the top of the stems in heartwood while they slightly decreased in sapwood. Total buffering capacity of heartwood was greater than that of sapwood and total buffering capacity of sapwood exhibited an inverse relationship to height. Very small acid equivalent values were determined only in sapwood. At the bottom, lignin content in heartwood (25.73%) was greater than in sapwood (18.13%). Lignin content of heartwood decreased from 25.73% at the bottom to 18.33% at the top, while that of sapwood was 18.13% at the bottom, 21.42% at the middle and 19.64% at the top.

  • 39.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
    Wood recycling in Europe2011Conference paper (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Nowadays, waste wood is a valuable secondary raw material that can cover much of the wood-based panel industry's needs and a major source of renewable energy. The various categories of waste wood are described in European legislation and standards but in practice mostly followed industry practices relating to the purchase, classification and use of recovered wood. The European Panel Federation (EPF) proposes a three category classification system: untreated wood, non-hazardous treated wood, hazardous waste wood. The traditional practice of recycling in industry included mechanical handling of waste wood while new improved methods involve hydrothermal treatments. Of the total approximately 30 million cubic meters of recovered wood in Europe 38% is recycled, 34% is used for energy production and 28% ends up in landfills or composting. In the future recovered wood is expected to play an increasingly important role in the sustainability of wood-based panel industries as well as for the protection of the environment, and therefore new technologies are needed to fully explore this valuable resource.

  • 40.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Edicational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Voulgaridis, Elias
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Passialis, Costas
    Aristotle University, Greece.
    Beaver, Tim
    Composites & Textiles Pera, UK.
    Bouras, Takis
    ELKEDE Technology & Design Centre S.A., Greece.
    Properties of Microwave heat treated oak wood and impregnated with soybean oil2011In: Program & Book of Abstracts: Workshop, “Mechano-Chemical transformations of wood during Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical processing” / [ed] Parviz Navi, Andreas Roth, 2011, p. 145-145Conference paper (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    The poster presents selected data on physical and mechanical properties, and gluing behaviour of microwave heat treated wood and impregnated with natural oils.

  • 41.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Technological Education Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Wimmer, Rupert
    Georg-August-University Göttingen, Germany.
    Milios, Elias
    Democritus University of Thrace, Greece.
    Tracheid length – growth relationships of young Pinus brutia grown on reforestation sites2012In: IAWA Journal, ISSN 0928-1541, Vol. 33, no 1, p. 39-49Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Brutia pine (Pinus brutia Ten.) reforestations have been successfully used for decades in restoration of degraded forest ecosystems in Greece. The future purpose of these reforestations might expand to include wood utilisation. This study provides information on tracheid length of juvenile brutia pine aged 14–22 years grown on good and medium sites in Northeastern Greece. In addition, relationships among ring width, latewood proportion, wood density, and tracheid length were evaluated by using Causal Correlation Analysis. Similar mean tracheid length values were found for good and medium sites. Radial variability of tracheid length was similar on the good and medium sites, showing the typical increase in the juvenile phase. On both site types, latewood proportion showed a strong and positive relationship with wood density. Unexpectedly and only on the good sites, a significant positive relationship was found between ring width and wood density. On the medium sites, tracheid length was negatively related to fast growth and positively to high wood density. Tracheid length on the good sites was correlated only with latewood proportion with a weak positive relationship. The overall results may provide opportunities to better understand the quality of small-dimension timber of brutia pine and to better utilise it.

  • 42.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    et al.
    Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany ; Technological Educational Institute of Larissa, Greece.
    Xie, Yanjun
    Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany.
    Militz, Holger
    Georg-August-University Goettingen, Germany.
    Distribution of blue stain in untreated and DMDHEU treated Scots pine sapwood panels after six years of outdoor weathering2011In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 69, no 2, p. 333-336Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Surface coating and bulk treatment of wood are two effective measures which can, individually or conjointly, protect exterior wood from deterioration. This paper reports on the blue stain attack in coated wood, untreated and modified with DMDHEU, after six years of natural exposure.

  • 43.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Acoustic properties of modified wood under different humid conditions and their relevance for musical instruments2018In: Applied Acoustics, ISSN 0003-682X, Vol. 140, p. 92-99Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    In musical instrument making, there is a strong need to find alternatives to the traditional endangered and expensive tropical wood species used today. The present study examined whether different commercial and experimental modified wood materials have the necessary acoustic qualities under different humid conditions (dry, standard and wet) to contribute to the use of raw materials for wooden musical instruments. The materials were thermally-modified wood (ash, aspen and birch), acetylated wood (beech, maple and radiata pine), melamine- and phenol formaldehyde-treated beech and furfurylated Scots pine (Kebony Scots pine). Investigations involved physical (density ρ, Equilibrium moisture content EMC, volumetric shrinkage) and dynamic elastic testing by a free-free flexural vibration method to determine various acoustic characteristics: specific dynamic modulus (MOEdyn/ρ), damping coefficient (tanδ), speed of sound (c), specific acoustic impedance (z), sound radiation coefficient (R) and acoustic conversion efficiency (ACE). The modified materials and especially acetylated wood showed low EMC values and high dimensional stability at each humidity level, which are considered important factors for making quality musical instruments. Based on the obtained value ranges of all acoustical properties, the different modified wood materials could find uses in musical instruments where specific characteristics of sound are required. Furthermore, most of the modified materials showed an excellent acoustic performance in the three humid conditions based on a high ACE and low tanδ. Furfurylated Scots pine and phenol formaldehyde-treated beech showed an inferior acoustic quality with the lowest ACE and the highest tanδ, which is a less favourable combination for most of the musical instruments.

  • 44.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Hosseinpourpia, Reza
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology. Michigan Technological University, USA.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
    Micro-Fibrillated Cellulose in Lignin–Phenol–Formaldehyde Adhesives for Plywood Production2023In: Forests, ISSN 1999-4907, E-ISSN 1999-4907, Vol. 14, no 11, article id 2249Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Petrochemical-based phenol–formaldehyde (PF) adhesives are widely used in plywood production. To substitute phenol in the synthesis of PF adhesives, lignin can be added due to its structural similarity to phenol. Moreover, micro-fibrillated cellulose (MFC) can further enhance the bond performance, mechanical properties, and toughness of adhesive systems. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the adhesion performance of lignin–PF (LPF) adhesives reinforced with MFC. In LPF formulations, three levels of MFC (0, 15, and 30 wt% based on the total solid content of adhesives) were added to the homogenous adhesive mixture. Three-layer plywood panels from birch (Betula pendula Roth.) veneers were assembled after hot pressing at 130 °C under two pressing durations, e.g., 60 and 75 s/mm. Tensile shear strength was measured at dry (20 °C and 65% RH) and wet conditions (water soaked at room temperature for 24 h). The results indicated that the addition of lignin reduced the strength of LPF adhesives in both dry and wet conditions compared to the control PF adhesive. However, MFC reinforcement enhanced the shear strength properties of the plywood. Furthermore, a longer pressing time of 75 s/mm slightly increased the shear strength.

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  • 45.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Advanced Materials. Linnaeus University, The University Administration.
    Hosseinpourpia, Reza
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Advanced Materials. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Green Sustainable Development.
    Brischke, Christian
    University of Goettingen, Germany.
    Adamopoulos, Stergios
    Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
    Anatomical, Physical, Chemical, and Biological Durability Properties of Two Rattan Species of Different Diameter Classes2022In: Forests, ISSN 1999-4907, E-ISSN 1999-4907, Vol. 13, no 1, article id 132Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Rattan cane is an important forest product with economic value. Its anatomical, physical, and biological properties vary with the cane height. This makes it difficult to select the appropriate cane diameter for harvesting. Understanding the material properties of rattan cane with different diameter sizes is important to enhance its utilization and performance for different end uses. Thus, the present study was performed on two rattan species, Calamus zollingeri and Calamus ornatus, at two different cane heights (bottom/mature and top/juvenile). Calamus zollingeri was studied at diameter classes of 20 mm and 30 mm, while Calamus ornatus was analyzed at a diameter class of 15 mm. The anatomical properties, basic density, volumetric swelling, dynamic moisture sorption, and biological durability of rattan samples were studied. The results showed that C. zollingeri with a 20 mm diameter exhibited the highest basic density, hydrophobicity, dimensional stability, and durability against mold and white-rot (Trametes versicolor) fungi. As confirmed by anatomical studies, this could be due to the higher vascular bundle frequency and longer thick-walled fibers that led to a denser structure than in the other categories. In addition, the lignin content might have a positive effect on the mass loss of different rattan canes caused by white-rot decay.

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  • 46.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology .
    Morén, Tom
    Luleå University of Technology .
    Förstudie: värmebehandling av trä: slutrapport2012Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [sv]

    Projektet har bedrivits som en förstudie till en större ansökan inom området Värmebehandlat trä för interiört bruk. Projektet inleds med studier av olje- och tjärupptagning i värmebehandlat trä genomen speciell impregneringsmetod som bygger på förvärmning och undertryck i materialet. Tanken är att med denna metod kunna tillföre ytterligare en egenskap som skyddar trä och gör det attraktivt för inomhusbruk genom att t ex blockera den något besvärande luft som kommer från värmebehandlat trä.

    Projektet syftar till att undersöka möjligheten att med en förenklad impregneringsmetod erhålla tillräcklig penetrering av impregneringsmedel (Becker olja och trätjära) och i samband därmed studera fördelningen av impregneringsmedel i trä.

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  • 47.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Luleå University of Technology, Sweden.
    Morén, Tom
    Luleå University of Technology, Sweden.
    Moisture properties of heat-treated Scots pine and Norway spruce sapwood impregnated with wood preservatives2012In: Wood and Fiber Science, ISSN 0735-6161, Vol. 44, no 1, p. 85-93Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    An experiment was conducted on commercially heat-treated (HT) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) sapwood collected from Ht Wood AB, Arvidsjaur, Sweden. Secondary treatment on HT wood was performed in laboratory scale by impregnating with water-repellent preservatives (a commercial one and pine tar) to evaluate their retention and different moisture-related properties. Preservative solutions were impregnated using a simple and effective method. Wood samples were heated at 170°C in a dry oven and were immediately immersed in preservative solutions. Considerable retention was observed in HT wood, particularly in pine. Moisture adsorption properties were measured after conditioning in a high-humidity environmental chamber (4°C and 84% RH). Experimental results showed that secondary treatment enhanced moisture excluding efficiencies by decreasing equilibrium moisture content, suggesting better hydrophobicity. Soaking test in water showed that antiswelling and water repellence efficiencies improved, especially in tar-treated wood. In addition, this type of treatment significantly decreased water absorption. It was also possible to decrease volumetric swellings. Thus, secondary treatment of HT wood with preservative, in particular with tar, improved dimensional stability and water repellency.

  • 48.
    Ahmed, Sheikh Ali
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Morén, Tom
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Sehlstedt-Persson, Margot
    Luleå University of Technology.
    Blom, Åsa
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.
    Effect of oil impregnation on water repellency, dimensional stability and mold susceptibility of thermally-modified European aspen and downy birch wood2017In: Journal of Wood Science, ISSN 1435-0211, E-ISSN 1611-4663, Vol. 63, no 1, p. 74-82Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Conventional chemical wood preservatives have been banned or restricted in some applications due to human and animal toxicity and their adverse impact on the surrounding environment. New, low-environmental-impact wood treatments that still provide effective protection systems are needed to protect wood. Thermal modification of wood could reduce hygroscopicity, improve dimensional stability and enhance resistance to mold attack. The aim of this study was to investigate if these properties enhanced in thermally modified (TM) wood through treatments with oils. In this study, TM European aspen (Populus tremula) and downy birch (Betula pubescens) wood were impregnated with three different types of oil: water-miscible commercial Elit Träskydd (Beckers oil with propiconazole and 3-iodo-2-propynyl butylcarbamate, IPBC), a pine tar formulation and 100% tung oil. The properties of oil-impregnated wood investigated were water repellency, dimensional stability and mold susceptibility. The treated wood, especially with pine tar and tung oil, showed an increase in water repellency and dimensional stability. However, Beckers oil which contains biocides like propiconazole and IPBC showed better protection against mold compared with pine tar and tung oil. To enhance the dimensional stability of the wood, pine tar and tung oil can be used, but these oil treatments did not significantly improve mold resistance rather sometimes enhanced the mold growth, whereas a significant anti-mold effect was observed on Beckers oil treated samples.

  • 49.
    Akter, Shaheda T.
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Bader, Thomas K.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Experimental assessment of failure criteria for the interaction of normal stress perpendicular to the grain with rolling shear stress in Norway spruce clear wood2020In: European Journal of Wood and Wood Products, ISSN 0018-3768, E-ISSN 1436-736X, Vol. 78, p. 1105-1123Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The anisotropic material behavior of wood, considered as a cylindrically orthotropic material with annual rings, leads to several different failure mechanisms already under uniaxial stresses. Stress interaction becomes important in the engineering design of structural elements and is often predicted by failure criteria based on uniaxial properties. The prediction quality of failure criteria has been assessed with longitudinal shear stress interaction, though less is known on rolling shear stress in interaction with stress perpendicular to the grain. The study aims at investigating the corresponding mechanical behavior of Norway spruce (Picea abies) clear wood by validating failure envelopes for stress combinations in the cross-sectional plane, based on experimental investigations. For this purpose, a test setup that controls the stress interaction and loading of clear wood along pre-defined displacement paths needed to be developed. Experimentally defined failure states could then be compared to failure surfaces predicted by the phenomenological failure criteria. Material behavior was quantified in terms of stiffness, strength, and elastic and post-elastic responses on dog-bone shaped specimens loaded along 12 different displacement paths. A comparison with failure criteria for two nominal compressive strain levels showed that a combination of failure criteria would be required to represent the material behavior and consider the positive effect of compressive stresses on the rolling shear strength. The findings of this work will contribute to studying local stress distribution of structural elements and construction details, where stress interactions with rolling shear develop.

  • 50.
    Akter, Shaheda T.
    et al.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Bader, Thomas K.
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.
    Serrano, Erik
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Modeling of wood under combination of normal stresses with rolling shear stress2019In: Presented at CompWood 2019 - International Conference on Computational Methods in Wood Mechanics - from material properties to Timber Structures, Växjö, Sweden, June 17-19, 2019, Växjö, Sweden, 2019Conference paper (Refereed)
    Download full text (pdf)
    Abstract
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