According to the World Bank’s (2019) latest Migration and Development Brief, remittances to low and middle-income countries reached a record high in 2018. This study examines Swedish migrants’ motives behind remittances and their experience with the social and economic impact of sending remittances. The purpose of this thesis is to contribute to a research-based study on Swedish-migrants’ remittances practice since Sweden lacks research about remittances. We have conducted eight semi-structured interviews with Somali and Iraqi migrants to understand their motives and experience with remittances. The results are analyzed with theories such as Lucas and Stark’s altruism, self-interest, and tempered altruism, or enlightened self-interest, as well as transnationalism. We have also analyzed the results with the social exclusion concept to understand the migrants' experience in the host country in relation to remittances. In our study, we found that the respondents’ social and cultural resources were limited. Our interviewees were socially and economically impacted by sending remittances. They are in a state where their economy is limited because of sending remittances, which makes it hard for them to maintain a certain social presence in the host country, due to their lack of free time. They do not have the same opportunities as non-migrants in Swedish society, because they prioritize work and providing for their families in Sweden and the homeland. The respondents are living in two worlds where they are keeping their transnational ties with the origin country and therefore, they are comparing their living standards with families and relatives in the home country. This prevents them from seeing or identifying themselves as socially excluded individuals of the host country. They perceive themselves as socially excluded when it comes to their economic situation, however, in general, they see themselves as socially included as they learned the language, got an education, work, provide for their families, etc. 

The aim of this paper was to study what impact sports participation has on young people and how nonprofit people and representatives of sports associations work to counter exclusion and how they contribute to inclusion. We investigated if, and if so how, participation in sports and physical activities can generate inclusion and counteract exclusion for young people. In this study we have completed six qualitative interviews with non-profit persons and representatives of sports associations. We interviewed two people who work voluntarily in sports and four people who have a leadership role in sports associations in a specific municipality. This selection was made in order for us to get a broader picture of how the strategies of non-profit and associations might differ in practice regarding exclusion and inclusion for young people. Based on our respondents' answers from the interviews, we have identified four main themes; expectations and demands, the socialization arena, working methods and the negative and positive factors of sports. We analyzed these themes based on previous research and theory sections and to our purpose and issues. The main conclusion we made was that sport contributes to community, belonging, joy, exercise, reduced risk of physical and mental illnesses and facilitates the integration of newly immigrated youth. Our conclusion regarding negative factors with sports are that young people might develop some form of eating disorder, overload their bodies if they exercise too much and that the risks of getting physical injuries might increase if they participate in sports too much. In response to our last research question, it emerges that economy might be an exclusive factor that sport associations try to prevent in different ways. The associations and the working methods of the non-profit people differ in terms of generating inclusion and counteracting exclusion.

The idea of this study is based on the legislative process of the Swedish temporary asylum law. Due to an increasing number of request for asylum in 2015, the parliament appointed a temporary asylum law to create a more restrictive migration policy. This measure was criticized by several parliamentary committees which were emphasising different negative aspects that could possibly affect the refugees. The government responded to the critics by referring to the EU minimum level and by comparison with other EU countries. In 2019 the parliament decided to extend the temporary law even though the number of asylum seekers had decreased. The main argument for this extension was to prevent an increasing amount of asylum seekers as soon as the migration policy in Sweden were to become more generous again. Previous research has shown that not long after the first proposition of the temporary asylum law the law was implemented, indicating a rushed decision made by the Swedish parliament.

Thus is our purpose with this study to examine the political negotiations of the legislative process regarding the temporary asylum law and its extension. In addition to that the aim of the study is also to research if the extension of the law contributed to different discourses. Through a critical discourse analysis our main conclusion is that the underlying negotiations of the legislative process cover four main areas: economy and resources, EU, the asylum system and consequences. Within each field we discovered discourses that could be applicable in both the legislative process of 2016 and in the process of extension 2019. Nevertheless the result of the analysis also presented two discourses that became important parts in relation to the extension. These discourses were convention on the rights of the child and EU. Even though these discourses could be found in the first legislative process, they reach a remarkably higher state of importance in the extension of the asylum law and therefore are appointed as new since they did not held the same level of relevance before.

The aim of this study was to examine the concept of “integration” within residential care homes for unaccompanied children. More specifically its aim was to find out how the social workers themselves within residential care homes for unaccompanied children understand the concept of integration and how they work for it. The study was based on a qualitative semi-structured interviews with seven social workers within four residential care homes for unaccompanied children. Six themes were identified that seemed to play a role in the discussions about integration: development-acceptance, learning process, communication & relationships, process, personality and common sense. The analysis was based on previous research in the field and the theory of action by Pierre Bourdieu called practical reason. As a conclusion the first three themes can be seen as an understanding of the concept of “integration”. The last three themes exemplify the practical integration work. Despite the lack of regulatory documents, the social workers show a common understanding of the concept and a similar implementation which can be explained by a dominant implicit doxa within the field.

This studie explores how a promotive youth movement that aims to activate adolescents in economically and socially exposed areas, can affect the youth’s participation in society and oppose their experience of stigmatization. The youth movement, whom is being studied, uses urban art expressions as a mean to engage and motivate the adolescents. The empirism has mostly been collected by a limited participatory observation, and through qualitative interviews with staff and adolescents in the movement. The result has been analyzed through Pierre Bourdieus field theory. To summarise, field theory consists in the hypothesis that the individual is socialized in to his or her way of thinking and being (habitus), based on in which circumstances the individual is raised (in which field). Habitus affects the choices the individual makes throughout life. An individuals habitus is affected by three types of capital, which Bourdieu has named economical-, social-, and cultural capital. This essay analyzes how the promotive youth movement contributes to the adolescent’s social- and cultural capital. I have found that this largely happens by giving the adolescents different types of tools to be seen and heard, based on the concept of hip hop as a political instrument. The most prominent tool in the everyday activities is the opportunity to record music in a professional studio. Other tools that are used are the opportunity to host the movements own radio show, participate in the arranging of different types of events, and such. I have also found that the support from an extra adult and the connection within the movement are central providers of social capital.

The purpose of the study is to increase knowledge about leisure leaders' experiences of and opportunities to counteract exclusion and crime among young people in socially disadvantaged suburban areas, and what risk and protection factors they perceive to be important for exclusion and crime. The study is of a qualitative method based on hermeneutic theory of science. Four interviews were conducted with leisure leaders divided into three leisure centers. The correspondents consisted of three men and a woman of different ages and with varying work experience and varying ethnicities. The intention with the correspondents and the choice of a semi-structured interview guide was to gain an increased perspective on the chosen topic. The results indicate that the various systems in Bronfenbrenner's ecological system theory have a strong impact on young people in socially disadvantaged areas. The different system theories have protective and risk factors for the youth.

This study is based on a qualitative internet research about people with Asperger syndrome and their thoughts and opinions about the difficulties that occurs in the environment outside the home and their experiences of Internet. We have analyzed Internets social influences for those with Asperger syndrome, as a consequence of the difficulties that they meet in other environments. The constructed communities in the environment outside the home and the social interaction that occurs there is not adjusted for those with the diagnosis. This leads to difficulties to be there for those with Asperger syndrome. By doing a content analysis of the assembled data from a community site on the Internet, we found out that the environment on Internet is more comfortable for those with the diagnosis in several ways. A lot of people who earlier felt alone and excluded has thanks to the Internet been able to develop a healthy social life.

The aim of this study was to analyse how Swedish courts reason about the child's best in custody and access disputes. We have assumed different themes to analyse our empirical data, these themes were the child's best interests, perspective on the child's best interests, child's perspective, children as subjects or objects and finally the right of the child or the child's best interests. Our empirical data have consisted of 15 City Court and Court of Appeal judgments of the Swedish courts handed down in 2015. The study had a qualitative disposition and the selection was made strategically to make sure the empirical data would be relevant to our issues. We have used a discourse analysis where the intention was to study how the court reason about the child’s interests and what statements that gets preference and what gets excluded in the assessment. Our theoretical starting point was extracted from Foucault’s theory about power and his discourse concept. We have used the concept of his theory in our analysis, but also extracted the theoretical concepts from previous research. The result shows that the Court's assessment of what is in the child’s best interest is based primarily on a professional and adult perspective on the child's situation. The individual child's perspective was excluded and the Court was principally talking about children's needs and interests in general. The result also showed that children were seen as objects and not as participants in the majority of the cases.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how former pupils in a daycareschool experienced there stay, in relation to the ordinary school. The method we used was an qualitative interview study with former pupils of a daycareschool. We have analyzed the result with help of Goffmans theory about stigma, Beckers labeling theory, Antonovskys SOC (a Sense Of Coherence) concept and Gjaerums theory of controlling. After analyzing the results we came to the conclution that the pupils where stigmatized and labeled as deviants in the ordinary school whilst in the daycareschool they got an enhanced SOC and a feeling of control. Due to the daycareschool’s work with these pupils they no longer sees as stigmatized and labeled.

The aim of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of the administrative officials work with assessments in home studies of adoption. To answer the purpose, we chose to focus on the guidelines for administrative official’s assessments in home studies of adoption and what assessment areas that is fundamental to the administrative official’s assessments. The study is structured on the basis of a qualitative approach where we have used semi-structured interviews. We interviewed seven administrative officials in the social services which conducted home studies of adoption. The interviews were conducted in different municipalities in order to demonstrate that the result does not depend on local circumstances. We can however say that administrative officials in the various municipalities had close cooperation among themselves, which resulted in that the local factor could have some impact on the result. We have analysed the results based on theories of discretion and the street-level bureaucracy. We have in this study concluded that all administrative officials used the same guidelines and almost all of the administrative officials used the same investigation method. Even though all the administrative officials emanated from the same guidelines and though almost all of the seven administrative officials also used the same investigating method, we discovered in the results and analysis section that the implementation in home studies of adoption may differ between administrative officials in the various municipalities. We have interpreted this result as a consequence based on how each administrative official uses their discretion. Furthermore we found that the administrative officials did not think that there was one assessment area that was more important. There are a number of areas that are important to consider which depends on the applicant's background.

The purpose of this study is to see how men experience eldercare, with a particular focus on gender. By analyzing and interpreting collected data, the research highlights the complex relationships between stereotypes and prejudices against men working in eldercare. The study addresses the following questions: How do men working in eldercare perceive their work environment and workplace culture? How is the division of labor between men and women in eldercare structured? Using a qualitative approach and thematic analysis of data from interviews with male caregivers in eldercare, the study identifies patterns and themes related to gender differences in the workplace. The study employs theories such as gender practices, gender regimes, and masculinities to interpret the results and understand the complexity of gender dynamics in the care sector. The findings indicate the presence of gender-based practices and norms within the organization, which affect the distribution of tasks and workload between men and women. The study emphasizes the importance of challenging and addressing gender norms and practices within eldercare to promote a more equitable and inclusive work environment for all employees.

De-racialization research suggests that depicting members of ethnic minority groups as gay leads to less stereotypic perceptions oftheir ethnic group. However, whether the consequences of de-racialization translate into real-world behavior is unclear. In a large “lost letter” field experiment (N = 6,654) where an email was ostensibly sent to the wrong recipient by mistake, we investigate whether the relative impact of signaling gayness (vs. heterosexuality) differs for Arab (minority) versus Swedish (majority) senders. The results show clear evidence of ethnic discrimination where Arab (minority) senders receive fewer replies (prosocial response) than Swedish (majority) senders. However, there is no evidence indicating that Arab senders would receive a lower penalty for revealing gayness. Implications for multiple categorization research are discussed.

Idén om mål- och resultatstyrningen har fått stort genomslag i offentlig förvaltning. Det brottsofferstödjande arbetet som riktas mot våldsutsatta personer har liksom andra ansvarsområden inom socialtjänstens verksamhetsfält mött ökade krav på att säkra och redovisa kvalitet. Öppna jämförelser är ett instrument som används inom offentlig verksamhet för att mäta, offentliggöra och jämföra kvaliteten av det arbete som bedrivs. År 2012 lanserades för första gången öppna jämförelser inom brottsofferområdet. I studien analyseras Öppna jämförelsers programidé och dess implementering inom brottsofferområdet. Empirin utgörs av för studiens syfte, relevanta styrdokument samt intervjuer med aktörer på central nivå (Socialstyrelsen och SKL), regional nivå (Länsstyrelsen) samt lokal nivå (två fallkommuner i södra Sverige) Fokus riktas mot hur de har arbetat med Öppna jämförelser och vilka erfarenheter de har gjort. 12 I presentationen av studien visar författarna hur Öppna jämförelser avseende stöd till brottsoffer inte fått det genomslag som regeringen förutsatt. Den politiska styrningen är tydlig samtidigt som de olika ”intressenter” som Öppna jämförelser är tänkt att vara till för i praktiken givits en marginaliserad position

Increased concern was raised globally at the outbreak of COVID-19 that victims of domestic violence would be even more at risk when isolated with a violent partner and out of reach of support due to restrictions. Swedish staff in violence against women services prepared for increased calls for help. Instead, a worrying silence arose in a time and place of high uncertainty. This article analyzes the narratology of risk, when staff members in violence against women services, reflect upon their accounts, responses, and experiences, during the pandemic. The analysis is based on three themes, accounting for expected increased influx, making sense of silence and accounting for mobilization. The findings are discussed by applying the relational theory of risk.

Förod till Albert O.Hirschmans bok "Sorti eller protest"

Dragspelet var under 1900-talets mittersta tredjedel ett självklart inslag i svenskt folkligt musikliv; samtidigt befann sig dragspelsmusiken på nedersta plats i den genre- och instrumenthierarki som definierade såväl den seriösa musiken som det musikpedagogiska landskapet.

Under 1940-talet inträffade två händelser som till dels var betingade av denna situation, och som därutöver bidrog till att skärpa den till ett socialt och organisatoriskt konfliktområde. Den ena händelsen var tillkomsten av Hagström Musiks musikskolor. För ett produktionsföretag med tonvikt på dragspelsframställning framträdde det stora intresset för dragspel som en potentiell marknad, vilken begräsandes till sin fulla utsträckning genom frånvaron av utbildningsinstitutioner villiga att undervisa på dragspel. Hagströms Musikskola blev genom sin storskalighet och inriktning ett konkurrerande musikpedagogiskt alternativ, obundet av de genre- och instrumenthierarkier som dominerade övriga aktörer på det musikpedagogiska fältet.

Den andra händelsen var införandet av statsbidrag till studiecirklar. Detta följdes en stark expansion av antalet studiecirklar, parat med att en allt ökande andel av dessa cirklar inrättades som musik-, i synnerhet instrumentalcirklar. Bildningsförbundens musikverksamhet hade dittills varit präglade av en musiksyn som uteslöt schlager, dragspel och gitarr. Här betonades folkrörelsernas unisona sång, musikteori och klassisk musik. Men expansionen av antalet och andelen musikcirklar, i förening med intresset för dragspel och med förekomsten av ett musikpedagogiskt alternativ som inte skyggade för det instrumentet, bidrog s.a.s. med hotet om en perforering av bildningsrörelsens rågång mellan dansbana och konsertsal.

Detta papper vill bidra med en sociologisk analys av de spänningsfält som uppstod när frågan om god smak dels flyttade in på insidan av bildningsrörelsen, dels blev föremål för skarpa beslut om medelfördelning som berörde såväl staten som det enskilda bildningsförbundet och förhållandet mellan bildningsförbunden.

Importance as impetus or impediment? The case of 19th century chartered surveyors.

Definitions and theories professions and professionalization have long been tailored on a set of professions established in England during the 19^th century. Chartered surveyors belong in that group, but have not received the attention afforded to other members of the core set – notably medicine, law, theology, and engineering. This paper argues, however, that chartered surveyors present an interesting deviant case in the history of professionalization, on account of their peculiar links to state and market. The argument proceeds in two steps. In a first section, we show how chartered surveyors have entered the profession literature, and how their early emergence is explained in these accounts. Next we focus on a hitherto neglected aspect of that emergence: the peculiar importance of a subset of those tasks that were within chartered surveyors’ jurisdictional turf. We show that chartered surveyors were endowed with the task of determining house values, and how this linked the professional group to the state both (a) via taxation and the control of the local government tax-base and (b) via the electoral system in the period from 1867 to 1918.

Definitions and theories professions and professionalization have long been tailored on a set of professions established in England during the 19^th century. Chartered surveyors belong in that group, but have not received the attention afforded to other members of the core set. This paper, conceived as a contribution to a theory of the relation between state, knowledge and profession, draws on the historical case of 19^th century British surveyors. It analyses the interface between state and profession, in an age when it became increasingly important to “reconcile the principle that the domain of the political must be restricted, with the recognition of the vital political implications of formally private activities.” Surveyors were claimants to a configuration of tasks – centred on the nexus of land, law and money – which made them an important auxiliary to the state apparatus and its technologies. This paper traces, through comparison of British surveyors over time and through juxtaposition with Swedish surveyors, how these tasks, and a corresponding knowledge-base, were shaped by the inclusion of new subspecialties and a complex legal environment.

Mobbning som företeelse har en obestämd men med all sannolikhet mycket lång historia. Som begrepp har det däremot en betydligt kortare livstid, och under sitt livslopp har det genomgått viktiga betydelseskridningar. Det vi idag menar med mobbning är inte detsamma som avsågs med begreppet när det först blev en offentlig angelägenhet i slutet av 1960-talet. Den första delen av denna uppsats skildrar den meningsproduktion som, via interaktioner mellan vardagsspråk och vetenskap, har format och omformat mobbningsbegreppet. Historiken är ett preludium till ett teoretiskt bidrag, vars syfte är att ge en ny ingång till studiet av mobbning som företeelse. Mobbningsdiskursens historia har, direkt och indirekt, präglat forskningen på området – forskningens huvudfåra är kvantitativ och individualpsykologisk, med fokus på stabila personlighetskarakteristika hos offer och förövare. Men vid sidan av allfartsvägen har det också vuxit fram alternativ. Ett sådant är Björn Erikssons analyser av mobbning. Det teoretiska resonemang som utmejslas i denna uppsats tar sin utgångspunkt i de mekanismer som Eriksson identifierar. Interaktion och meningsproduktion återkommer här som huvudrollsinnehavare, men nu i en helt annan mening än den som avsågs i beskrivningen av mobbningsdiskursens historia. Nu gäller analysen social interaktion och meningsproduktion inom ramen för begynnande och fullt utvecklade mobbningsrelationer – två faktorer som fått underordnad betydelse i den dominerande forskningstraditionen på området. Arbetet med att vidareutveckla Erikssons teori tar som sin stödjepunkt en sekundäranalys av två hittills orelaterade forskningslitteraturer, barnetnografier och kvantitativa studier av öknamn. Resultatet är ett teoretiskt ramverk som bland annat förmår göra reda för relationen mellan individualiserande mobbning och kategoriellt bundna trakasseriformer som rasism och homofobi.

Concepts play a part in any scientific endeavour. They simultaneously serve as receptacles for previously attained knowledge, as vehicles of scientific and didactic communication, and as building blocks in the construction of new descriptive and explanatory schemes. In this sense, concepts are central to the cognitive organisation of scientific disciplines. But disciplines also differ from one another, and not just in terms of the stock of concepts deemed necessary for internal scientific communication but also, for example, in terms of the logic of conceptual change, the relative influx of connotations, and the degree of universal adherence to specific definitions.

One crucial characteristic of the social sciences is that they share part of their vocabulary with the lay people they study. In some cases, social scientific terminology has trickled into everyday speech; in other cases the social sciences have proceeded by refining and redefining locutions found in natural languages. The aim of this book is to study empirically, by means of a detailed case study, the mechanisms that shape concept formation in the social sciences. It focuses on the history of the concept of ‘mobbing’, with special reference to the interaction between science and lay conceptions. This condensed conceptual history shows that the public discourse, that was instrumental in the diffusion and entrenchment of the notion of mobbing in the early 1970s, significantly shaped the career, contents, and uses of the corresponding scientific concept.

If monopoly of recognized skill is anything to go by, then, prima facie,

musicians & music teachers are in a poor position to claim professional

status. But while laymen cannot be effectively excluded from music making

they can be barred from entering certain positions, occupations, &

organizations. Swedish music education is an example of a successful

monopolization, which later became precarious: the Swedish Royal Academy

of Music provided the only educational route to the title of director

musices, which in turn was a requisite for admission to a number of positions

and occupations. After WWII, a sharply increasing demand for music

education created a need for the mass production of music teachers, unsettling

the topology of tasks in the field. The aim of this paper is to examine

the historical case of Swedish music education, and to theoretically

explore the demands raised by a sudden rise in demand upon a precarious

monopoly of recognized skill.

The article addresses Max Weber’s relevance for modern social science. The first part is a quantitative assessment of Weber’s fate in mainstream sociology; the second part presents an argument that Weber’s work contains elements of combinatorial thinking which makes it suitable for analysis in terms of the methodological apparatus developed by Charles Ragin. On the one hand, it is shown that Ragin’s notation and concepts are useful in bringing out some important features in Weber’s methodology and substantive writings. On the other hand, it is suggested that Weber’s use of configurations extend into areas that have received little attention in mainstream sociology.

Metaphors are quintessentially novelty items, and as such do not age gracefully. Once productive tensions between vehicle and tenor sooner or later become stale from habituation; all natural languages contain entire petrified forests of once vivid metaphors and analogies which have receded into pseudo-literalness.  To this class belongs a concept that has long been at the core of the sociology of professions: the spatial analogy “social closure”, geschloßene Beziehungen in Max Weber’s original, has been exploited to highlight important features of inter-professional relations, upon which influential theories have been built. The success of these theoretical approaches has been accompanied by a reluctance to revisit the underlying analogy.

This essay argues the case for reconsidering the spatial analogy underlying the concept of social closure, and it does so along two lines. First, it is shown that only a portion of Weber’s elaboration of social closure was received in the sociology of professions, that attention to the original analogy is needed to rescue the remaining parts, and that these have potential value for profession research. Second, it embarks upon novel metaphorical work on the basis of Weber’s analogy, in order to capture the peculiar dynamics of professions that are defined by employment in a single institution or type of organization. Drawing on the analysis of Swedish university teachers, which approximate this pure type, we arrive at a more generally applicable model of this class of professions. 

The Swedish University system has evolved into a vast and complex institution. Expansion has not only concerned student and teacher numbers, but also the organizations where they work, including administrative tasks and the staff categories who manage them. All this has given rise to representations of, and questions about, the university administrators and their relation to teachers and researcher. This article aims to describe how the composition and size of the university administration has changed in the period 2001-2018. While it indicates that the increase in the number of administrators is mainly proportional to that of teachers and researchers, it also shows that the character of the university administrator corps has changed. This tendency finds expression in the patterns of growth and decline of administrator categories during the period, and in changes in the level of educational attainment of the corps of administrators. The new pattern, established in the period under study, is interpreted as an adaptation of administrator tasks to management ambitions to govern and control the efficiency of the organization, including the productivity of its teachers and researchers. The academic profession, whose organizational environment is made up by the thus refashioned administrative apparatus, has thereby been furnished with new conditions for negotiating which administrative tasks should be performed by them, and which tasks belong with the administrative staff. Another possible implication may be that the university administrator corps could evolve into a new profession.

Transformationen av en professions organisatoriska omgivning: universitetsadministrationens förändring efter 1990-talet.

 Det finns bland universitetslärare en utbredd föreställning om att administrationen och antalet administratörer har vuxit kraftigt i omfång. Men antalet administratörer vid universiteten har i själva verket hållit jämn takt med tillväxten av den akademiska lärarkåren. Det som däremot har hänt är en inre omstrukturering av kåren: utbildningsnivån har stigit, och vissa typer av tjänster har ökat kraftigt (ekonomer, controllers) medan andra har minskat. Speglar dessa förändringar en förskjutning av den administrativa personalens uppgifter, från att vara stöd och service till institutioner, lärare m.m., till att i högre utsträckning vara ett medel för ledningens ambition att styra och kontrollera verksamheten? 

Tillväxten av mer kvalificerad expertis inom universitetsadministrationen kan emellertid tolkas på flera sätt. Vi vill i denna text även pröva tesen att den kan förstås utifrån den ökande osäkerhet som universitets- och högskoleledningar möter, i form av många och skiftande krav från intressenter, samt den osäkerhet som New Public Managements olika styrinstrument ger upphov till.

Från början utbildade universiteten kyrkans prästerskap och från 1600-talet även statens ämbetsmän. Den högre utbildningens fält etablerades under 1800-talet. Då skapades en rad institut vars uppgift var att utbilda det framväxande industrisamhällets expertis i teknik, farmaci, ekonomi m.m. Institutens yrkesinriktade utbildningar byggde på den tidens vetenskaper. När instituten och universitet närmade sig varandra blev vetenskaplig forskning efter hand en ny tjänsteuppgift för universitetens professorer. Under 1900-talet blev utbildningen av välfärdsstatens professioner systemets nya och fjärde uppgift. Den högre utbildningens fält fick genom 1977 års högskolereform sin aktuella struktur, där vetenskaplig forskning är universitetens dominerande värde och utbildningen av professionerna deras centrala inslag, samtidigt som alla professionsutbildningar förankras vetenskapligt. I denna situation blir universitetetslärare och forskare alla andra professioners moder.