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  • 201.
    Baral, Anna
    et al.
    Uppsala University, Sweden.
    Brisset-Foucault, Florence
    Les émeutes de septembre 2009 en Ouganda2010In: Politique Africaine, ISSN 0244-7827, E-ISSN 2264-5047, no 116, p. 165-184Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 202.
    Barani Hassanlangi, Tara
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Förhindrad utveckling av diplomatiska relationer: Effekten av konsensus och fruktan på USA:s och Irans relation2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Diplomatic relations between states do sometimes go backwards in their process and development. One of these cases is the United States-Iranian diplomatic relation which has gone backwards in its development. This study is based on two main different theories, the Habermasian model and the Hobbesian trap. This, with the purpose to understand how lack of consensus and presence of fear are the reasons for the disruption of the United States-Iranian relations' development. The results have shown different directions, concerning the theories, in which they can affect the countries bilateral relations. The main reasons for the disruption of the relations, from the Iranians' perspective, are due to their interpretive concerning United States willingness to be the leader of the international community. From the Americans' perspective, the disruptions are due to their interpretive concerning Iranians' attachment to their own nuclear programme. The conclusion of this study shows how lack of consensus and presence of fear has prevented the United States-Iranian diplomatic relation to develop, and that the theories potency of strength, therefore, is high. 

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  • 203.
    Barbabella, Francesco
    et al.
    National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing (INRCA), Italy.
    Di Rosa, Mirko
    National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing (INRCA), Italy ; Marche Polytechnic University, Italy.
    Lamura, Giovanni
    National Institute of Health and Science on Ageing (INRCA), Italy.
    Come opera l’assistenza domiciliare negli altri paesi europei?2013In: Welfare Oggi, ISSN 2240-3590, no 4, p. 30-34Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 204.
    Bark, Tor
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Människors partival utifrån sitt ekonomiska intresse: En kvantitativ undersökning om människor röstar rationellt utifrån klassperspektiv2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

     

    The different factors behind why people vote as they do have been researched for a very long time. Ever since Anthony Downs revolutionary book An economic theory for democracy from 1957. Researchers have found different methods and models to explain voting behavior. One of these models is the rational choice model for voting which has been preferred amongst scientist since it gives a solid foundation to research people as equals. This Essay aimed to use rational choice as the model on peoples economic voting through the lens of their socio economic status. The method used in the essay was a data analysis of the Survey from 2010 by Valforskningsprogrammet in Gothenburg where 3963 people participated. With the help of statistics program variables within this essay was chosen and applied in a cross tabulation, regression-analysis and korrelation analysis. The results found that very little of people voting behavior correlated with their socio economic background and the majority did not vote rational according to the theory. Even though there was a small correlation confirmed it was not strong enough to warrant rational choice as the definitive voting behavioral model.

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  • 205.
    Bark, Tor
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Tomma ord och övergivna löften: En redogörelse om de rödgrönas miljö-och klimatpolitiska löften och genomförande2022Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Election promises and their fulfillment are subjects that have been studied quiete extensively within the academics, this thesis seeks to investigate how the promises given by the red-green block in Sweden during the mandate periods of 2014-2018 and 2018-2022 have or have not been fulfilled. The theoretical basis used in this thesis is that of Rational choice with Gunnar Sjöbloms three arenas that parties engage in and that of the responsible party model. In this study the method used is a theory consuming one, this type of method uses multiple theories on the same case and investigates how well each of them can explain the phenomena. The promises were taken from each of the parties manifestos from each mandate period and following this some were left out since they could not be fulfilled with national level policies. The results of the study showed that mandate period 1 followed previous results and studies quite well whilst mandate period 2 results differed from previous results. A number of factors could help explain this vast difference and with these variables accounted for the results became more in line with previous studies results. The study showed that for the most part parties do keep most of their promises to some degree but how these studies also must be conducted on a case by case basis to achieve the best results.

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  • 206.
    Barkauskaite, Ieva
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    En västerländsk demokrati?: En fallstudie om demokratins utveckling och kvalité i Klaipėda landsortskommun i Litauen.2012Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

     

    Title: A Western Democracy? A case study about the development and quality of democracy in Klaipėda  rural municipality in Lithuania.

    Author: Ieva Barkauskaitė

    Supervisor: Gunnar Hansson

    Examinator: Per Strömblad

    Educational program: International Politics Studies, Linnaeus University

    Last updated: 2012 06 01

     

    The third wave of democratization saw an increased number of countries turning westward. Lithuania was one of these countries that begun their process of democratization. Today the country is based on the social order of democratic values and there is no doubt that the democracy is working. Lithuania has a freedom of expression, free and fair elections and a universal right to stand in them. Unfortunately, this does not mean that the quality of democracy in the country have reached its peak.

    In the following pages I will present the development of democracy in the post-Soviet Lithuanian municipality – Klaipėda rural municipality. This essay focuses on the past 22 years from Lithuania’s declaration of independence in 1990 until today. However, for the sake of a greater understanding of the changes that have occurred in the municipality, I will in some cases describe how it was during the Soviet period.

    The purpose of this paper is to investigate the development of democracy and the current quality of democracy in this municipality. That will be achieved by defining the concepts of municipality and democracy, its types in addition to democracy existence criteria and by analyzing the municipality’s political culture as well as citizen rights and freedoms.

    A disciplined configurative case study approach will be used for the purpose of this examination where I will use the existing theories to explain the selected case. In order to understand how far Klaipėda municipality’s development and quality of the democracy have come I will focus mainly on Robert Alan Dahl’s analytical framework for democracy and polyarchy. Wolfgang Merkel’s “embedded” and “defective” types of democracy will also be used. The material covered is wide, ranging from interviews with citizens and politicians to observations from a demonstration and a meeting where the Lithuanian prime minister attended. 

    The results and conclusion I can draw from this study is that Klaipėda municipality is a fully democratic society. However, there are several limitations in my work, such as those of an economical nature, and there needs to be more studies to qualify this suggestion.

     

    Key words: Klaipėda rural municipality (in Lithuania), democracy, quality of democracy, types of democracy, criteria of democracy, Wolfgang Merkel, Robert Alan Dahl, Soviet Union.

  • 207.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    2005, Akademisk frihet i praktiken. , , .: En rapport om tillståndet i den högre utbildningen2005Report (Other academic)
  • 208.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Bland blåklint och totempålar: Om det kulturella tillståndet i Folkpartiet Liberalerna2010In: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, ISSN 0039-0747, Vol. 112, no 2, p. 203-214Article in journal (Refereed)
  • 209.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    ”Det bästa det godas fiende? : Om jämställdhet, målkonflikter och praktiskt förändringsarbete i Sveriges riksdag”, politisk årskrönika2006In: Riksdagens årsbok 2005/06., 2006Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 210.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    Institutionen för samhällsvetenskap.
    Partikulturer.: Kollektiva självbilder och normer i Sveriges riksdag2004Doctoral thesis, monograph (Other academic)
  • 211.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Représentation politique et modestie ostensible en Europe du Nord2004In: Nordiques, no 4, p. 9-27Article in journal (Other academic)
  • 212.
    Barrling Hermansson, Katarina
    et al.
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Upmark, Gunilla
    2005, Jämställt? : Röster från riksdagen 20052005Report (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 213.
    Basic, Goran
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Pedagogy and Learning. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Education in Change. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, A Questioned Democracy.
    [Book Review]: Savina Sirik, Negotiating Memories. Survivor Narratives of Victimhood in Post-Conflict Cambodia, University of Gothenburg, Faculty of Social Sciences, School of Global Studies, Peace and Development Research, Doctoral Thesis (Book - Monograph)2023In: Journal for General Social Issues, ISSN 1848-6096, Vol. 32, no 2, p. 369-376Article, book review (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The present book makes an empirical and analytical contribution to our knowledge about victimhood, survivor narratives, and memorialisation in the contextof post-genocide Cambodia. It presents the reader with detailed and expressive narratives about the complex dynamics of survival in post-genocide Cambodia, and analyses these narratives about victimhood from the perspective of former members of the Khmer Rouge

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  • 214.
    Basic, Hana
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Demokratiska begränsningar i Bosnien-Hercegovina år 2018: En studie utifrån Polyarkins sju institutioner 2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study aims to investigate and identify the democratic restrictions in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2018. The country is internationally known for its burdensome history of war in the 1990s, however, Bosnia and Herzegovina seems to be in the process of developing. In addition to having one of the world’s most complicated political systems, the country’s efforts to improve their democracy have not been recognized. Therefore, the question at issue will be operationalized by utilizing the theory of polyarchy composed by Robert Dahl. This theory establishes seven institutions; elected political officials, free and fair elections, inclusive suffrage, the right to run for public office, freedom of expression, alternative sources of information and associational autonomy. These institutions will be examined using empiricism that has been developed with textual analysis. Moreover, the institutions will be analyzed to ascertain if these rights can be found within the Bosnian society.

                        The results revealed that only one of the institutions, namely, “inclusive suffrage” is maintained in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Four of the remaining institutions, which are; elected political officials, free and fair elections, the right to run for public office and associational autonomy, were recognized as partially maintained. The last two institutions; the right to run for public office and alternative sources of information did not meet the requirements. Due to these results, it can be established that Bosnia and Herzegovina does not maintain all seven requirements of Dahl’s theory. Despite the country’s efforts to improve their democracy, the democratic process of Bosnia and Herzegovina seems to have ceased.

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  • 215.
    Bassmann, Erik
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Hur ska rättsstaten förhindra allvarliga brott?: En kvalitativ innehållsanalys av ändringen i preventivlagen och dess teoretiska konsekvenser på samhället och det demokratiska systemet.2024Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 216.
    Bauhn, Per
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, Department of Cultural Sciences.
    Förord2014In: Svensk mångfaldspolitik: en kritik från vänster / [ed] Göran Adamson, Malmö: Arx , 2014, 1, p. 7-9Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
  • 217. Bay, Ann-Helén
    et al.
    Strömblad, Per
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Bengtsson, Bo
    An Introduction to Diversity, Inclusion and Citizenship in Scandinavia2010In: Diversity, Inclusion and Citizenship in Scandinavia / [ed] Bengtsson, Bo, Per Strömblad & Ann-Helén Bay, Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2010Chapter in book (Other academic)
  • 218.
    Bayramyan, Anna
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Svensk integrationspolitik: Diskursanalys av den svenska integrationspolitiken2019Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish integration policy has in times of mass immigration to Europe, been by some people described as open and liberal as well as a good example, compared to the integration policies of other European countries. Since migrant integration has turned into a topic that is important both on the national and EU’s agenda, it was interesting to study how the discourse around the Swedish integration policy looks like and how it is standing in relation to supranational EU guidelines. Thus, the purpose of the thesis was to clarify how Swedish integration policy corresponds with a multicultural and liberal integration policy and how well it goes in line with EU guidelines. To fulfil the purpose, a number of selected Government bills were studied through the scope of discourse analysis to identify the characteristics of the Swedish integration policy in terms of its openness and liberal views. The results revealed that although the Swedish integration policy has some features from liberal and multicultural integration, it is not truthful to place it entirely into the frames of these theories. It was also clear that the Swedish integration policy has its prioritised focus areas within the EU guidelines.

  • 219.
    Bayramyan, Anna
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Vad gör det om hundra år?: En komparativ flerfallsstudie mellan det Armeniska folkmordet 1915 och Förintelsen2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Using a broad theoretical framework on the definition of “genocide”, the current research is aiming to provide a clear picture of whether the massacres of 1915 on Armenians of Ottoman empire were a case of genocide or not. Consequently, the aim is also to demonstrate that the concept of genocide is not synonymous to the case of the Jewish holocaust. The UN convention on genocide is presented and followed by a range of different researchers’ points of view on both the convention and the term itself in the theoretical background. Through a comparative multiple case study on the massacres of 1915 and the Holocaust the similarities and differences are found and result in a conclusion that the case of 1915 was a genocide, viewed both through a broad and narrow definitions of the concept of genocide. 

  • 220.
    Becevic, Zulmir
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Varför terrorism? - en studie av Irländska republikanska armén2006Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Abstract

    This study has two aims:

    [X] to create an analytical framework consisting of factors that might trigger terrorism

    [X] to apply the analytical framework on the case of IRA, in order to be able to examine

    which factors that exist behind the appearance of terrorism in the current case

    To reach the first aim the author has studied the theoretical discourse on the complexed issue

    of terrorism. This has constituted the point of departure for the creation of an own analytical

    framework. The purpose of the framework is to bring clearness to why terrorism appears. The

    analytical framework is not only suited for application on the case of IRA, but for application

    on terrorismcases in general. To reach the second aim the framework was applied on the case

    of IRA.

    The aims of this study have been fulfilled through the method of qualitative text analysis. The

    research method has been applied on the theoretical discourse on terrorism as well as on the

    empirical texts that deal with the conflict in Northern Ireland and the NorthernIrish society in

    general.

    The results of the study suggest that factors triggering terrorism Favourable surroundings,

    Resources, Possibility to recruit members, Protracted armed conflict, Occupation, Strive for

    autonomy, Diplomatic deadlock, Poverty, and Specific events, or actions from the opponent

    all exist in the case at hand. The author would particularly like to highlight the importance of

    the Diplomatic deadlock and Poverty as terrorismtriggering factors.

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  • 221.
    Beijerstam Torstensson, Cajsa
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    EU:s Utrikespolitik?: En studie om skillnaden mellan policynivå och praktiken i EU:s utrikespolitik utifrån perspektiven mänskliga rättigheter, feminism och globalisering.2019Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this study is to examine how the European Union's foreign policy demonstrates the theories human rights, feminism and globalization. This will be examined in how the theories are demonstrated in the foreign policy and also how there is a difference between how it is portrayed in the policy and how it is shown in reality. The primarily source of this study is a document that describes the European Union's foreign policy through a global strategy. The global strategy will be analyzed through how it encourages the different theories in their policy. The study will then continue to examine how the difference between the policy and the reality becomes more concrete through the global strategy and different events on both an intern and an extern level. The results show that there is a large difference between the European Union's foreign policy and the reality.

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  • 222.
    Beljulji, Amra
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Europeiska Unionens normativa makt i Bulgarien: Hur har EU påverkat Bulgariens status för minoriteter?2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Bulgaria’s entrance in the European Union (EU) 2007 was a big step for a country from the 

    Balkans. This is important considering that the country, the same way as its neighboring 

    countries, has had big ethnic breaches and cases of discrimination. One of the goals and 

    demands for Bulgaria’s entrance in the Union was that the country should implement 

    institutions and rules that ensure the protection for minorities. The EU has contributed with 

    different means in order for Bulgaria to reach this target, inter alia with economic means. 

    This paper investigates how the European Union as a normative power has worked for 

    implementation and promotion of minority rights in Bulgaria during the period that the 

    country was a candidate state. The paper also investigates whether the Union has been 

    successful with executing these goals when the state eventually became a member.    

    The results of this paper show that the Union has been using all means of normative power to 

    promote minority rights, but this has not been sufficient. The greatest problem lies in the fact 

    that the Union has for very long prioritized other areas for improvement rather than putting its 

    focus on minority rights promotion.

  • 223.
    Benali, Yasmin
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    An essay on the British medias view on the House of Lords: An essay about the arguments that have been made in the British media in relation to the reformation of the House of Lords, and how they relate to Robert Dahls democracy criterions2022Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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  • 224.
    Bengtsson, Anders
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Striden mot piraterna: De svenska riksdagspartiernas bemöande av Piratpartiet2011Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This essay examines the strategies adopted by the Swedish parliamentary parties against the Pirate Party (Piratpartiet). The study uses the PSO-theory, which attempt to explain the success of niche parties as a consequence of the established parties’ strategies against the new competitor. A qualitative analysis and a comparison of the parties’ manifestos from the 2002, 2006 and 2010 national elections is used to determine which strategies are adopted. Results show that a mixture of accommodative and dismissive strategies is used, which could help explain the failure of the Pirate Party in the elections.

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    Striden mot piraterna
  • 225. Bengtsson, Bo
    et al.
    Strömblad, PerLinnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.Bay, Ann-Helén
    Diversity, Inclusion and Citizenship in Scandinavia2010Collection (editor) (Other academic)
  • 226.
    Bengtsson, Elin
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Europeisering av nationell bilateral diplomati mellan EU-stater: - en beskrivande fallstudie av Italiens och Sveriges bilaterala diplomatiska förbindelser via ambassaderna2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study aims at examine if an Europeanization is affecting the bilateral diplomatic relation between Sweden and Italy as managed by the national embassies. The questions asked to pursue the aim are; how the bilateral diplomatic work is managed between the countries, are there any signs of Europeanization within this relation or is it still contingent on intergovernmental principles? In this study an analytical model is created and used to analyze how the bilateral diplomacy between Italy and Sweden is managed through the embassies. The discussion on top –down Europeanization by Tanja Börzel is central to the development of the analytical model. Indicators of Europeanization are generated and applied in the empirical analysis. The empirical material is based on documents and interviews.

      One general conclusion of this study asserts that there is no direct top-down Europeanization going on within the national bilateral diplomacy. Another one affirms that an indirectly top-down Europeanization on an embryonic stage may be going on within the embassy-driven bilateral work carried out between the EU member states.

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  • 227.
    Bengtsson, Erika
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Hur hanterar främlingskritiska partier främlingen inom statsgränsen?: En jämförande undersökning av partiernas minoritetspolitik och deras syn på nationella minoriteter2011Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The debate about affirmative action for ethnic minorities in countries with another majority culture is growing bigger in many parts of the world. However, it is often the debate misses the aborigines within the countries’ borders. The aim of this paper is to investigate the possible conflict in opinions for xenophobic political parties when managing an aborigine population. I will use a qualitative method to study the ethnic minority Sámi in Sweden, Norway and Finland, and afterwards xenophobic parties view on them.

    To reach a result will I present a scale over Xenophobia – Cosmopolitanism, which is described as a political cleavage. Finally I will, by comparing the empiric facts through that scale, demonstrate that there is a conflict in opinions for the investigated parties.

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    Hur hanterar främlingskritiska partier främlingen inom statsgränsen?
  • 228.
    Bengtsson, Mattias
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Feministiska uttryck: Idealtypsanalys av Sveriges socialdemokratiska ungdomsförbund och Centerpartiets ungdomsförbund2016Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this paper is to ascertain what kind of feminist expressions that are prevalent in two of Sweden’s major political youth organizations, the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League and the Centre Party Youth using ideal types constructed from major feminist ideologies. A comparison between the two is also a part of the analysis, to clarify the differences and similarities between the two regarding issues pertaining gender equality. Socialist feminism and radical feminism were prevalent in the Swedish Social Democratic Youth League but it also contained expressions of liberal feminism. The Centre Party Youth were exclusively liberal feminist in their expression. The differences between the two were ideological and the causal explanations for why gender equality exists differed as well. The similarities were limited to certain specific issues where they identified similar, if not identical, problems in society.

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  • 229.
    Bengtsson, Rikard
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Brommesson, Douglas
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Allmänhetens förtroende för pandemihantering och framtida civil beredskap2022In: Du sköra nya värld: SOM-undersökningen 2021 / [ed] Ulrika Andersson;Henrik Oscarsson;Björn Rönnerstrand;Nora Theorin, Göteborg: SOM-institutet, Göteborgs universitet , 2022, p. 31-43Chapter in book (Refereed)
    Abstract [sv]

    Allmänhetens förtroende för samhällsaktörers hantering av coronapandemin utgör en central frågeställning vad gäller pandemin, särskilt i ljuset av Sveriges jämförbart höga förtroendenivåer i kombination med att den svenska strategin för att hantera krisen inledningsvis avvek från nordiska och europeiska grannländers strategier. I kapitlet analyseras dels allmänhetens förtroende för privata och offentliga samhällsaktörers hantering av coronapandemin, dels hur hanteringen av pandemin inverkar på förtroendet för civil beredskap inför en framtida kris. Resultaten speglar skillnaderna i förtroende mellan olika aktörer, med högt förtroende för central statsförvaltning och regioner, medan förtroendet för andra medborgare, kommuner, EU och privat näringsliv är lägre. Skillnaderna analyseras utifrån kön, ålder, inkomst, hemvist och politisk orientering. Kapitlet innefattar också en jämförelse av data från pandemins första våg (Corona-SOM våren 2020) och tredje våg (SOM 2021) som visar på såväl kontinuitet som förändring i allmänhetens förtroende, i den omedelbara pandemihanteringen och vad gäller beredskapen inför en framtida kris.

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  • 230.
    Bengtsson, Rikard
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Brommesson, Douglas
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Institutional trust and emergency preparedness: Perceptions of Covid 19 crisis management in Sweden2022In: Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management, ISSN 0966-0879, E-ISSN 1468-5973, Vol. 30, no 4, p. 481-491Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The Covid 19 pandemic has put the issue of public trust at the centre of political analysis. This article inquires into the level of public trust in Sweden concerning current crisis management as well as preparedness for future crises. The empirical basis for this study consists of unique data generated through two surveys on the Covid 19 virus conducted during 2020 in Sweden. Respondents were asked to assess their trust in different actors' crisis management. In addition, the first survey asked about how the actions of different actors impact on the forward-oriented trust held in Swedish emergency preparedness for a future severe crisis. Four key findings stand out. First, the results display rather weak levels of interpersonal trust. Second, a surprisingly high level of institutional trust can be found during the initial phase of the pandemic. Simultaneously we see somewhat decreasing levels of trust later during the pandemic. The results include interesting variations across age, gender and education. Third, relating the results to earlier research on trust in Sweden, the results contain indications of stable trust levels despite the all but stable contextual conditions. Fourth, the analysis shows important variations in trust levels among different institutions and layers of government.

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  • 231.
    Bengtsson, Rikard
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Brommesson, Douglas
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Styrningsuppfattningar, förtroende och hotbilder hos det civila försvarets genomförare2023In: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, ISSN 0039-0747, Vol. 125, no 3, p. 767-794Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article studies perceptions of governance, trust and threats among local politicians and local civil servants responsible for Swedish crisis management and civil defence. Local politicians and civil servants have key roles in the ongoing development of Swedish civil defence, as implementation to a large extent builds on the crisis management capacity of the municipalities. The article argues that the practitioners on the local level function in a context characterized by uncertain and ambiguous governance structures and especially local civil servants assume a role akin to that of street-level bureaucrats. Uncertain and ambiguous preconditions increase the importance of trust both between levels and within the same level of governance. Based on a survey with 209 local politicians and civil servants we study percep-tions of governance, trust, and threats. The results confirm perceptions of uncertain and ambiguous governance structures within the planning for and development of civil defence. The respondents ascribe higher responsibility to local, regional and national public actors when planning for civil defence, compared to the responsibility of citizens, the private sector and the EU level. The results also show high variations regarding levels of trust in the civil preparedness of different actors. Still, the experiences from the Covid 19-pandemic have increased the trust in the preparedness of almost all actors. Perceptions of threats relate to concrete threats like disruption in supply of food, electricity and internet. Notably, the highest threat perceptions concern activities aiming to destabilize democracy.

  • 232.
    Bengtsson, Rikard
    et al.
    Lund university, Sweden.
    Brommesson, Douglas
    Lund university, Sweden.
    Edström, Zigne
    Lund university, Sweden.
    Civil beredskap i coronatider: Störst förtroende för staten och regionerna2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Arbetet med civil krisberedskap är centralt för hur samhället förmår förebygga och hantera kriser av olika slag. Den civila beredskapen inkluderar grundläggande förmågor som att ge sjukvård, upprätthålla livsmedelsdistribution och se till att infrastruktur som elnät och internetkommunikation fungerar, även i en allvarlig kris eller till och med ett krig. Under coronapandemin har diskussionerna gått varma om vad som är den rätta strategin för att bekämpa spridningen av Covid-19, om hur olika aktörer agerar och hur de borde ha agerat. Det är rimligt att tro att agerandet i samband med pandemin på ett mer generellt plan reflekterar den civila beredskapen och samhällets möjliga agerande i samband med andra allvarliga kriser eller till och med krig i framtiden. Viktiga frågor i sammanhanget är vilket förtroende medborgarna har för olika aktörers hantering av pandemin och hur hanteringen i sin tur eventuellt har påverkat förtroendet för svensk civil beredskap. Dessa frågor står i fokus för våra analyser i den här rapporten.

  • 233.
    Bengtsson, Rikard
    et al.
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Brommesson, Douglas
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Edström, Zigne
    Lund University, Sweden.
    Svenskarnas inställning till internationellt samarbete inom civil beredskap2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    Coronapandemin kan beskrivas som en global kris som i allt väsentligt har hanterats nationellt. Det globala samarbetet inom framför allt Världshälsoorganisationen WHO har ifrågasatts och kritiserats, inte minst av USA, som nu förbereder för att lämna organisationen. EU-samarbetet har innefattat samordning av vissa krisinsatser och gemensamma ekonomiska stödåtgärder, men strategier för hälso- och sjukvård har hanterats på nationell nivå liksom resande- och gränsfrågor. Bland de nordiska länderna syns inte bara olika val av strategier för att hantera smittspridningen utan också konkurrerande ansatser vad gäller gränspolitik. Situationen har inneburit tydliga utmaningar mot den fria rörligheten i Norden men också mot nordisk sammanhållning i stort. Mot den här bakgrunden analyserar vi i denna rapport opinionsläget kring frågan om Sverige bör söka fördjupat internationellt samarbete inom området civil beredskap, i den nordiska kretsen, på EU-nivå eller i FN-sammanhang.

  • 234.
    Berg, Frida
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Turkiet: en auktoritär regim?: En fallstudie om varför Turkiets väg mot en demokrati stagnerat och istället tagit en auktoritär politisk riktning.2018Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This paper addresses the issue of why Turkey has failed to develop and consolidate democracy in the regime. The aim of this paper was to analyze Turkey’s movement towards an authoritarian regime by examining institutions, the military, civil society and other contextual factors from 2004 to 2016. The method that was applied to this study was a case study were theories about democracy and transition were used to analyze Turkey’s declining development of democracy. The results show that several cases of corruption and the lack of political neutrality within important institutions have had a negative impact on the regime. The military’s influence on the political power has decreased although the military still has a significant role within the regime. The right to express your word of opinion by taking part in demonstrations is strictly constrained due to reforms by the government. Conflicts between the PKK movement and the Turkish government has contributed to the unstable political situation in the country. One can draw the conclusion that all of these factors have had an impact on Turkey’s development towards an authoritarian regime, but unprecedented behavior within the institutions, an authoritarian leadership by the president and increasing religious influence have had the greatest impact on Turkey’s way towards an undemocratic governance. 

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  • 235.
    Bergdahl, Lova
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Demokratisk tillbakagång i unga demokratier: En komparativ studie av Ungern och Polen2023Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Democracy around the world is threatened by autocratic leaders who wants to demolish the fundamental democratic values. In this essay the aim is to get an understanding of how democratic backsliding in Poland and Hungary appears and what differences and similarities there is between the two countries and to see if there is a generalization. The theory is constructed by Bermeo, Haggard and Kaufmans definition and research of democratic backsliding. To be able to specify the research Levitsky and Ziblatts four warnings signs of autocratic tendencies have been used. 

    The time frame is between 2010 – 2022 because it is when the Hungarian party Fidesz was elected. The study is a qualitative comparative study. The result of the research could show that there is a democratic backsliding happening in both countries and there is a lot of similarities between them. Most of the backsliding is due to the changes in legislation and the political system.

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  • 236.
    Berger, André
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Socialdemokraternas valnederlag 1976: En teoriprövning av orsakerna till Socialdemokraternas maktställning under 1900-talet fram till valnederlaget 1976.2020Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The Swedish Social Democratic Party (SAP) was in power for decades by successfullyimplementing a “third way” policy based on Marxist ideology. This policy was unique since itsimultaneously spurred economic growth, welfare, and equality between classes. Therefore,this study examined why the party lost the election 1976, despite implementing this “thirdway” policy. By scrutinizing scientific books, articles, and a dissertation on the subject, fourtheories were identified. These four theories were tested against three books that identify whySAP lost the election 1976. The results show that SAP lost primarily by going against theSAP voters’ opinion by supporting the use of nuclear energy. In addition, a weak economyand unemployment hampered the party’s ability to continue implementing welfare reforms.The conclusion is that SAP lost the election 1976 due to supporting nuclear energy use wheneconomic growth declined and voters had little trust in the party’s ability to stimulate welfare.

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  • 237.
    Berggren, Carl
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Sökandet efter demokrati i Mellanöstern: En jämförande demokratiseringsstudie av Egypten och Israel2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The target of this assignment is to answer the question why Egypt has not succeeded to become a democracy when Israel has. The method of this assignment has been a comparable study where Larry Diamond’s internal and external factors have been used to compare why Egypt has not become a democracy when Israel has. The result shows that Egypt is not democratic because of several reasons, such as a big and influential military, unfair civil society, national insecurity, non-democratic leaders, wars and an unsuccessful consolidation of the democratic influences, especially after the Arabic spring in the early 21st century. Israel, on the other hand, is a democracy due to its successful democratic institutions, a functional civil society and with democratic influences from the western world such as the EU and USA. Israel’s “ethnic” democracy is not perfect though and have hinders such as discrimination and a limited democratic leadership but compared to Egypt, the country has become a stable democracy, in a region that is mostly surrounded by undemocratic regimes. 

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  • 238.
    Berggren, Evelina
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Narrating Scotland: in pursuit of a nation: A case study of nation and nationalism as utilized in the Scottish National Party2021Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (Two Years)), 20 credits / 30 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The nationalist party in Scotland, the Scottish National Party (SNP), has attracted attention through the years for its election successes as a party and as a movement utilizing a modern type of nationalist approach. This thesis seeks an answer to the research question “How does the leader of the Scottish National Party depict the nation of Scotland?” to explore what nation of Scotland this modern nationalist party depicts. The answer lies in what is called “civic nationalism”, an approach void of ethnocentrism. The depiction revealed a nation of Scotland where anyone can belong, and where an approach of openness and inclusion in civic interests from democratic concerns, social issues, economy, business, immigration to the outside world ruled the narration. The great aims driving this approach is the vision of realizing Scotland’s “great potential” and role as an equal partner in the world arena. 

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  • 239.
    Berggren, Josefin
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Förändringar i folkopinionen?: En kvalitativ studie om hur Socialdemokraterna och Moderaterna representerar folkopinionen utifrån vänster-högerskalan och GAL-TAN.2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this essay is to investigate to which extent two Swedish political parties, founded in the early 1900s, represents changes in public opinion. The question of issue to be answered is to which extent the Social Democrats and the Moderates represents their former voters´ opinions. The question of issue will be investigated throughout a comparison of party politics and public opinion in 2014 and 2018, the years Sweden had parliamentary elections. The analysis was performed by applying the GAL-TAN and left-right division on these data. The results shows how there has been a change in politics between these years among both the parties and voters. The change in public opinion is reflected in party politics in areas such as immigration and law and order but there are parts of politics that is considered irrelevant for how the voters choose to vote. The Social Democrats and Moderates are capable of representing changes in public opinion to some extent. 

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  • 240. Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Erlingsson, Gissur
    Sjölin, Mats
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Egoism, grupplojalitet och korruption i svensk kommunalpolitik: Lärdomar från spelteori och experimentell samhällsvetenskap2009In: Statsvetenskaplig Tidskrift, ISSN 0039-0747, Vol. 111, no 4, p. 347-373Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Egoism, group loyalty and corruption in Swedish local politics: Lessons from game theory and experimental social science

    Recent advances in game theory and experimental social science provide insights for the study of corruption and abuse of power in local politics. We survey the evidence from theoretical and experimental research and illustrate findings and problems with two examples from a survey among local politicians and officials in Sweden. The most simplified theoretical models, such as the prisoner’s dilemma, fail to capture the distinction between group loyal behavior at different levels. There are several grey zones between pro-social behavior and corruption. These grey zones can be considered corruption danger zones. While Sweden is typically seen as a non-corrupt society, there are several situations where local politicians and officials must make choices in these corruption danger zones. Both formal institutions and informal norms influence these choices, and the views among politicians can vary substantially regarding what behavior is considered acceptable. Communication, openness and public debate can help the fight against corruption.

  • 241.
    Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Lund university ; The Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
    Erlingsson, Gissur
    Linköping university.
    Sjölin, Mats
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Öhrvall, Richard
    Linköping University ; The Research Institute of Industrial Economics.
    A Clean House?: Studies of Corruption in Sweden2016Book (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    According to virtually all international corruption rankings, Sweden is one of the top performing countries with very few exposed incidents of corruption. But does this automatically imply that it can be declared a perfectly ‘healthy patient’? By extensively reviewing existing research and adding empirical sets of data, the authors of A Clean House? shed light on shady corners of the Swedish case.

    What do we know about corruption in Sweden, and what can be said of such affairs over time? Four scholars of political science and economics describe how countries typically viewed as low-corruption states can have particular problems that should not be underestimated nor neglected. This is the first comprehensive study in English of corruption in a low-corruption, mature welfare state.

    By revealing causes, scope and consequences of the corruption in low-corruption countries, the authors point out shortcomings in the international evaluations of corruption, and suggest constructive reforms that might curb the types of corruption occurring in ”healthy” societies.

  • 242. Bergh, Andreas
    et al.
    Erlingsson, Gissur
    Sjölin, Mats
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Öhrvall, Richard
    Allmän nytta eller egen vinning?: En ESO-rapport om korruption på svenska2013Report (Refereed)
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    ESO 2013_2
  • 243.
    Bergholtz, Mathias
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Sveriges sexköpslag: En uppsats om implementeringen utav den svenska sexköpslagen från 1999 till nutid.2017Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of the essay has been, to some extent, to show on any deficiencies in the law against sexual services as well as to stress the importance of having a continued debate and discussion about prostitution and to define what is needed in order to meet the original expectations of the law.

    The conclusion that the law against sexual services does not meet the expectations has been based on the outcome of the analysis made in this essay. The reason why the Swedish law against selling sexual services does not work is based on four areas; lack of resources within the police force, too few convictions against sex buyers, preventional social actions and political legitimacy.  The essay refers to different point of views of the prostitution issue as well as different research studies, articles and public debates.

    The method which this essay has been based on is a case study of the implementation of the Swedish law against selling sexual services as well as an evaluation analysis. 

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  • 244.
    Berglund, Pia
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Sammanfaller staters intressen i ett samarbete?: En fallstudie om Frankrikes och Tysklands ställningstagande till Israel/Palestinakonflikten före och efter införandet av GUSP2007Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
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    FULLTEXT01
  • 245.
    Berglund, Wincent
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Fem godkända elever är fler än fyra väl godkända: En statsvetenskaplig studie i skolans förvaltningspolitik2013Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This study aims to analyze four gymnasium teachers’ opinion on the values within the Swedish school system today, as well as the presence of conflicting values and goals in their role as a street level bureaucrat. A comparative aspect concerning private and state regulated schools was implemented into the study in order to compare one school system to the other. This was achieved by using semi-structured interviews with the aim to register the teachers’ opinions on these matters.

    The study showed that the teachers perceive a high amount of discretion within their role as a street level bureaucrat concerning the educational aspect of their work. Despite this the “Top-Down” implementation is present in the way that there are several incentives that are beneficial for the teacher to follow. Additionally the study shows that there are several goal conflicts within the school system today that are most visible within the state regulated schools, as well as that the teachers in the private gymnasiums enjoy a higher degree of discretion.

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    Fem godkända elever är fler än fyra väl godkända
  • 246.
    Bergqvist, Malin
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    En demokrati för alla?: En fallstudie om demokratiska målsättningar och förutsättningar gällande barn och unga i Växjö Kommun.2009Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    Växjö is one among many Swedish municipalities witch have the objective to have a political influence from their young citizens. Växjö is also one of 97 townships in Sweden, which has participated in the LUPP-project. LUPP is a survey created by the National agency of youth affairs and it aims of creating knowledge based on youth politics. Växjö municipality has implemented the LUPP-survey two times on a total of 3000 children and youths that has answers the survey. The results from 2007 shows that only 10% feels that they have possibilities to politically influence the municipality in Växjö. Therefore my research questions in this thesis are: Is there a discrepancy between Växjö municipality’s objectives and the actual possibilities for children and youths to participate? Also: is it ideal of having a youth perspective in the local politic a well-considered objective in Växjö municipality? The answer to my first research question is that it is dependent on from whose views we are looking from. The politicians agree upon the idea that they consider children and youths to have a great influence and possibility to influence. In contrast the young politicians wishes that Växjö municipality start caring about the answers that has been given in different kinds of surveys, like LUPP. Therefore the answer to my second research question is that the objective to have a local politic with a youth perspective is not a well-considered ideal because it is not adjusted after the wishes of children and youths in Växjö.

     

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  • 247.
    Bergqvist, Martina
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Spaniens väg tillbaka mot demokrati: En fallstudie om Spaniens demokratiseringsprocess2021Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    This is a study on Spain´s path from dictatorship towards democracy in the period of 1975 to 1982. The examination is based on Robert Dahl´s theory of democratization, fundamentally describing three alternate paths, moving a society from one of the states closed hegemony, inclusive hegemony or competitive oligarchy into the state polyarchy. According to Dahl, polyarchy is the closest ideal of a democracy. Dahl´s transformation paths are based on two dimensions: political competition and political inclusiveness. Prior to 1975, Spain was a closed hegemony and transformation could have gone directly to polyarchy or by way of either inclusive hegemony or competitive oligarchy. The results obtained in this study demonstrates that political competition and political inclusiveness developed in parallel in Spain, which was the prerequisite for the rapid transition. Most crucial was that the elections and the referendums occurred within a very short period of time. According to Dahl, elections can be categorized as political competition as well as political inclusiveness. Therefore, it can be concluded that Spain followed the path moving directly from closed hegemony into polyarchy without moving via inclusive hegemony or competitive oligarchy.

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  • 248.
    Bergstrom, Nina
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Stridshingsten från Täby vs. en mycket skicklig partiledare?: Framställning av Reinfeldt och Åkesson i svenska tidningar innan valet 2014.2015Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [sv]

    Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka hur SDs och Moderaternas partiledare framställdes i två svenska tidningar, Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet, under två veckor innan valdagen 2014 och om tidningarnas bilder av politikerna var neutrala eller värderades dem antingen positivt eller negativt så att läsarnas sympatier skulle vara med eller emot politiker i fråga. Med Jesper Strömbäcks resonemang om mediernas makt i dagens samhälle som ramen för undersökningen kom jag fram till slutsatser att valresultatet 2014 stämmer mycket överens med tidningarnas framställningar av Reinfeldt och Åkesson samt med opinionsmätningar som tidningarna rapporterade om innan valet. 

    Även om det fanns olikheter mellan Aftonbladets och DNs framställning av Reinfeldt och Åkesson var båda tidningarna eniga om att framställa Moderaterna som ”valets största förlorare” och SD som ”valets största vinnare”. Båda tidningarna var eniga i att Fredrik Reinfeldts uppdrag som statsminister är snart avslutat och att Stefan Löfven är den man som kan bli Sveriges statsminister. Åkesson i sin tur framställs som ”en mycket skicklig partiledare” och han ”kan efter valet få en vågmästarposition med stort inflytande över svensk politik”. Båda tidningarna använde sig av opinionsmätningar och förutsägelser på valresultat för båda politikerna. Tidningarnas förutsägelser stämde mycket överens med valresultatet. Båda tidningarna gestaltade också politik som ett spel och en kamp vilket enligt Strömbäck bidrar till politikermisstro bland folket.

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  • 249.
    Bergström, Hanna
    Växjö University, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, School of Social Sciences.
    Vatten som säkerhetsfråga: Med FN:s konstruktion av vattenfrågan som utgångspunkt2007Independent thesis Advanced level (degree of Master (One Year)), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    ABSTRACT

    The aim of this study is to analyse if the UN today constructs the water issue as a security issue and to argue about in which way the organization in that case does so alternatively why it can be said that the UN doesn’t construct the water issue as a security issue.

    In order to reach this purpose the following questions will be answered:

    •Does the UN construct the water issue as a security issue today?

    -If yes, in which way?

    -If no, why can it be said that the organisation doesn’t?

    The methods used are qualitative literature studies of policy documents on water from the UN. The focus is to analyze the ideas about water and to apply my theory on the concept of security, which is Barry Buzan’s framework on security, to these ideas.

    The main results showed that the UN strongly constructs the water issue as an environmental security issue for environments and species and in relatively strong terms also constructs it as an environmental security issue for civilisations. In rare cases the organisation constructs it as a societal security issue, but the UN doesn’t construct the water issue as a military, political or economic security issue.

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    FULLTEXT01
  • 250.
    Bergström, Pernilla
    Linnaeus University, Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Political Science.
    Is UNFPA working for a better food security in the future?: How women’s empowerment and use of contraception can assure food for future generations2014Independent thesis Basic level (degree of Bachelor), 10 credits / 15 HE creditsStudent thesis
    Abstract [en]

    The aim of this study is to explore if UNFPA’s work mission and methods direct for greater food security in the future. The analysis is based on one of UNFPA’s main frameworks; ICPD Programme of Action 1994. The analysis is based upon different themes that are recognized as tools for change; family planning, women’s empowerment and gender equality, education and child marriage. The theoretical frame of the analysis is liberalism which has been complemented with social constructivism, and has provided an insight to the discussion. The essay will also investigate whether the different theories can explain UNFPA’s framework, mission and methods.  The method used is a describing qualitative content analysis.   

    The research shows that UNFPA indirectly implement or propose a great deal that can have an impact on food security. In order to regulate population growth, which is one of the major trends threatening food security, different measures are proposed in the framework. Focus is on governments efforts and gender equality through SRH education. The liberal view put emphasis on human rights and the individuals right to freedom, as well as equality, which was obtained by a greater or lesser degree throughout the framework. Social constructivism could explain ICPD where liberalism failed to do so, such as the lack of emphasis on child marriage due to many societies identity and traditions.

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    Is UNFPA working for a better food security in the future?
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