Entrepreneurship is in full-swing across the globe and it is widely regarded as a sustainable solution to long-unresolved economic issues like unemployment and poverty. Immigration is also a growing reality and the immigrating individuals can contribute to the new societies either by settling for a job or launching a business as an entrepreneur and in turn creating more jobs. However, social constraints are a key hurdle in the way of immigrant entrepreneurs. This paper aims to not only understand the social constraints faced by immigrant entrepreneurs but also provide a set of guidelines on how to overcome these social constraints. A qualitative research study focused on immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden was designed around this purpose and was conducted in two cities of Sweden. Entrepreneurs in the study were from diverse nationalities of origin and business sectors. Key social constraints identified through the study are cultural differences, differences in business practices, and language – all acting as a wall for foreign entrepreneurs. Networking – both business and social – is regarded as the main solution to overcome these barriers and the weight for this lies equally on state, entrepreneurship industry, and the immigrant entrepreneurs. Immigrant entrepreneurs can overcome the social constraints by also researching their business area in detail as well as marketing themselves and their businesses especially by establishing a strong and trustable social media profile. Government needs to recognize the diversity of immigrant entrepreneurship communities and create tailor-made social interaction programs for different nationalities, educational backgrounds, and business sectors. It can also project positive image of successful immigrant entrepreneurs not only to inspire other immigrant entrepreneurs but also to increase trust regarding immigrant entrepreneurs among native population. Another important step by government could be early orientation for immigrant entrepreneurs to Swedish business market. Entrepreneurship advisory industry needs to understand immigrant entrepreneurs better and organize more multi-cultural events to lower the barriers between native and immigrant communities.

In the contemporary knowledge economy, with academia as a major producer and distributor of formal knowledge, process and product innovation – e.g. in form of designing and enacting new curricula – is extremely important. In this spirit, we here report how an internationally recognized master program in entrepreneurship has been developed and put into practice.

An increasing number of education institutions, including many universities and colleges, are offering entrepreneurship education. This development is driven by the hope that more entrepreneurs could be "created" through such efforts, and that these entrepreneurs through their newly founded ventures will contribute to economic growth and job creation. At higher education institutions, the majority of entrepreneurship courses rely on writing business plans as a main pedagogical tool for enhancing the students' entrepreneurial capabilities. In this chapter, the authors argue instead for the need for a pedagogy that focuses on supporting students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset as the basis for venturing activities. They discuss the potential role of games in such entrepreneurship education and present the example of an entrepreneurship game from the Swedish context, which was developed by a group of young female entrepreneurs. The authors describe the game and discuss their experiences of playing it with a group of novice entrepreneurship and management students at the master's level, and they review the effectiveness of the game in terms of how it supports students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset. The authors conclude the chapter by outlining how entrepreneurship games could be integrated into a university curriculum and suggest some directions for future research. © 2015, IGI Global. All rights reserved.

An increasing number of education institutions, including many universities and colleges, are offering entrepreneurship education. This development is driven by the hope that more entrepreneurs could be “created” through such efforts, and that these entrepreneurs through their newly founded ventures will contribute to economic growth and job creation. At higher education institutions, the majority of entrepreneurship courses rely on writing business plans as a main pedagogical tool for enhancing the students’ entrepreneurial capabilities. In this chapter, the authors argue instead for the need for a pedagogy that focuses on supporting students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset as the basis for venturing activities. They discuss the potential role of games in such entrepreneurship education and present the example of an entrepreneurship game from the Swedish context, which was developed by a group of young female entrepreneurs. The authors describe the game and discuss their experiences of playing it with a group of novice entrepreneurship and management students at the master’s level, and they review the effectiveness of the game in terms of how it supports students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset. The authors conclude the chapter by outlining how entrepreneurship games could be integrated into a university curriculum and suggest some directions for future research.

Departing from the standpoint that internationalisation needs to become a more explicit part of assessing the quality of academic activity (i.e., education, research, and (business) community interaction), we elaborate upon how the intercultural composition of a student cohort could be leveraged as a road to the advancement of entrepreneurship education at the graduate level. We argue that the very heterogeneity of the students with respect to their socio-cultural background and personal experiences offers a rich potential for mutual social learning that reinforces formal education activities. Creating awareness of this collective resource opens up for self-organising processes among the students as they craft an entrepreneurial identity which guides them in their learning throughout the master programme.

Bakgrund: Socialt företagande utmärks av entreprenörens förmåga att identifiera samhällsproblem och tillmötesgå de sociala behoven i samhället. Det finns olika definitioner av socialt entreprenörskap, och dessa antyder att de styrande drivkrafterna skiljer sig ifrån de i traditionellt entreprenörskap. De motivationsfaktorer som den sociala entreprenören har skulle kunna återspeglas i hur verksamheten bedrivs och hur organisationens grundtankar förmedlas ut i företaget. Vidare skulle detta kunna ha en påverkan i strävan efter företagets uppsatta mål, vare sig deär socialt, miljömässigt eller ekonomiskt motiverade.

Problemformulering: Vad finns det för drivkrafter hos en social entreprenör samt hur genomsyras det i företaget?Syfte:Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom fallstudie skapa ökad förståelse för den sociala entreprenören samt hur den motivation som finns visar sig iverksamheten.

Metod: För uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats valts,och baseras på en fallstudie av ett företag vars verksamhet utgår ifrån socialt entreprenörskap. Data har samlats in via ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt, genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, observationer och teoretisk insamling.

Slutsats: Uppsatsen påvisar de drivkrafter som finns hos den sociala entreprenören. Exempelvis att det primära målet är att uppnå en positiv social-och miljömässig påverkan i samhället, snarare än att generera en ekonomisk vinst. Andra drivkrafter är samtidigt att motivera och utbilda personalen inom medvetenhet om hållbarhet, säkerhet och kvalitet.

Purpose - Existing literature on state socialist and communist heritage as a form of tourist consumption predominately focuses on destination contexts, such as the former Soviet countries and the few remaining state communist countries (i.e. China, North Korea and Cuba). As a result, the visitation to places linked to the history of socialism and communism in the so-called western pluralist democracies has often been overlooked and, at most, unacknowledged, especially as most research on "socialist" heritage focuses on sites connected to statist heritage rather than sites connected to socialist movements. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - This paper aims to fill the gap in terms of research focusing on these types of sites, with evidence from a range of countries in Europe and the Americas. It does so by illustrating the presence and engagement with official and non-official communist/socialist heritage at varying levels of commodification. Findings - The paper concludes that not only is there a need to broaden the concept of socialist heritage but that its framing needs to continue to be understood from present day ideological discourses and struggles with respect to the marking of urban heritage tourist locations. Originality/value - This contribution advocates the broadening of the concept of socialist heritage by acknowledging the relevance of "hidden" urban sites related to key socialist thinkers, socialist opposition to fascism, and civil wars in which the socialist movement was involved, while also drawing parallels between the levels of socialist/heritage recognition and use as a commodity in relation to the historical narrative within the studied countries.

Heritage tourism is a growing segment of the modern tourism industry, and several studies have been undertaken to identify the individuals who participate in this type of tourism. These have indicated that heritage tourists, generally, are middle class, middle age, and well educated. However, despite their iconic role, there has been relatively little attention paid to profile of visitors to World Heritage Sites. This study aims to better understand the demography of this specific tourism segment through the use of survey-based research at three geographically diverse World Heritage Sites: Independence Hall in the USA, Studenica Monastery in Serbia, and the Archaeological Site of Volubilis in Morocco. Through the use of descriptive statistics, several over-arching trends were noted among the three sites. World Heritage Site visitors were found to be very well educated, but they did not have any similarities in relation to age, income, or residence, which contrasts the "general" heritage tourist typology. However, there were several World Heritage specific trends. While this work is a snapshot of the three sites under study and thus is difficult to generalize, it provides the basis for more comprehensive demographic research on visitors to World Heritage Sites.

The UNESCO World Heritage (WH) List is often regarded as a successful tourism brand that motivates site nominations. However, there is relatively little research dealing specifically with WH brand attraction effects, and what does exist shows conflicting results. There is a significant research gap in terms of awareness of the WH brand and its potential impact on visitation, which this study seeks to fill through a comparative analysis of three diverse case studies: Independence Hall, USA; Studenica Monastery, Serbia; and the Archaeological Site of Volubilis, Morocco. Survey data (n = 771) from these three sites were collected and analyzed resulting in three distinct clusters of visitors. One of the clusters does exhibit higher levels of awareness of the WH brand, but members of this group were not motivated by this knowledge when planning their site visit. It is concluded that the WH brand may function as a placebo, and that its importance may be tied more to political interests than economic advancement. Thus, dependency on the WH List for tourism development may potentially be detrimental for locations in the long term. The WH brand's placebo effect could result in long-term problems for both the site and those whose livelihoods depend on tourism.

Background: Relationships are really important for companies in order to becompetitive today and in these relationships is it important to feel trust to the other companies. There is therefore necessary to find out how companies work to create trust between themselves and their customers.Purpose: The purpose of this report is to examine and explain how staffing companies work to build trust in their relationships with B2B clients through examination of the conceptual model, creating a theoretical contribution.Research question: How do recruiters at staffing companies work to create trust between themselves and the customer?Methodology: The study adopted a quality research method with a deductive approach where the focus wasg on describing and analyzing. The data was collected primarily through semi-­‐structured interviews.Research findings: Through the study’s interviews and their results is it possible to see that staffing companies in Växjö is working with trust. The conclusion is that staffing companies is working a lot and similar with competencies and contractual. But it differs how they work with benevolence. It seems that the staffing companies does not work a lot with benevolence and it depends on the recruiter if they want to work withbenevolence and goodwill or not and how they will do it.

Författare: Sofia Agrell och Paulina Svensson

Handledare: Kjell Arvidsson

Examinator: Hans Wessblad                                                

Kurs: Företagsekonomi III - organisation, examensarbete (kandidat) 15 hp, 2FE78E

Titel: Vem bestämmer vem du är?

Problemformulering: Hur används identitetsreglering för att påverka anställdas identitet?

Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera vilka aspekter av identitetsreglering som används inom organisationer genom att ta reda på vilka medel som används för att påverka de anställdas identitet.

Metod: Studien har en deduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ datainsamling. Vid insamlingen av empiriskt material genomfördes semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Studien baseras på nio hypoteser som bygger på teoretisk insamlat material  och som sedan provats mot empirin.

Slutsats: Studien har verifierat de nio olika hypoteserna kring hur identitetsreglering sker inom organisationer men också att användandet av de olika hypoteserna sker på olika nivåer. Studien visade att vissa hypoteser används mer än andra. Genom samhörighet och socialisation regleras identiteten hos den anställde lättare. Även värderingar och utbildningar visade sig vara ett effektivt medel för att påverka individens föreställningar och leda individen mot organisationens mål. Social identitet och grupper har en betydande roll för hur individer identifierar sig och studien påvisade att reglera anställda genom att delegera dem till en enhetlig grupp. Studien har även visat att en centralstyrd organisation kan forma de anställda lättare genom att använda tydliga regler som medel.

Employees with the right skills give competitive advantages. It is therefore important to retain existing staff with the right skills but also to attract new talent. In the IT industry, there is currently lack of competence and the need will increase in the future. Companies that create a strong employer brand will perform better when it comes to the war of the talents. With the lack of competence in the labor market, the younger, more technologically skilled generation has developed an unfair attitude towards employers who desperately try to persuade competent people to choose their company through generous job offers. The employers must work on their employer brand to seem more attractive to employees and potential employees in order to attract, retain, develop and motivate them to choose or stay at the company. The purpose of this paper is to create an understanding of motivation, talent acquisition and employee retention in markets where there is a lack of specialized personnel.

Motivation is achieved through internal and external attributes, where internal motivation is created by work satisfaction while external motivation is fulfilled by monetary and material motivational factors. Talent acquisition involves a clear recruitment strategy where the company's brand is used as an attraction channel of a certain skill and personality. It also applies to retaining talent within the company through employee retention where a stimulating and evolving employment experience is maintained by the company.

The essay shows that young people in the IT industry are well aware of the lack of competence and make their demands accordingly. They want a high level of workplace flexibility to balance jobs and private life, as well as independence in the way they solve tasks. Furthermore, they want the freedom to choose work equipment as this is central to their daily work. Development opportunities such as attending conferences are valued as one of the crucial factors in choosing employers. If the younger generation's personal values as well as sustainability and ethical views do not match the company's actions, it will most likely lead them to leave the company in the long term.

This piece of writing is a joint initiative by the participants in the Gender, Work and Organization writing workshop organized in Helsinki, Finland, in June 2019. This is a particular form of writing differently. We engage in collective writing and embody what it means to write resistance to established academic practices and conventions together. This is a form of emancipatory initiative where we care for each other as writers and as human beings. There are many author voices and we aim to keep the text open and dialogical. As such, this piece of writing is about suppressed thoughts and feelings that our collective picket line allows us to express. In order to maintain the open-ended nature of the text, and perhaps also to retain some 'dirtiness' that is essential to writing, the article has not been language checked throughout by a native speaker of English.

Pentecostalism has grown from its founding days in 1900 in Topeka, USA and has extended its reach to most parts the world including Africa where it took off in the 1970s and continues to grow with many mega churches being established. In addition to their main role of taking care of the spiritual development of their followers, many Pentecostal churches have begun to get involved in provision of social and economic goods and services. This has however attracted attention to the churches with some of them being labelled as businesses, their founders being considered as entrepreneurs hiding under the guise of churches and seen as exploiting their followers.

The purpose of the thesis is to explore, through research questions, if entrepreneurial activities are carried out in the Pentecostal churches in Uganda and if so, whether such activities can be considered productive, unproductive or destructive entrepreneurship and what their implications are. This qualitative study employed qualitative methods of data collection and deductive approach with primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with 6 members of Pentecostal churches in Kampala and 1 non-member that regularly goes to Pentecostal churches to get a feel of their activities.

The findings show that there the Pentecostal churches carryout a number of entrepreneurial activities that address spiritual, social and economic aspects of the church members and the community. The study further shows that some of these entrepreneurial activities have a positive impact on the church members and the community and by extension the state whereas some activities do not improve the church members and the community and others have a negative impact on the church members and the community. It is shown through this thesis that determining the implication of the entrepreneurial activities is complicated when such activities are lumped together and not considered individually since some of the activities in the Pentecostal may be productive while some may be unproductive or destructive.

The contribution of this thesis is by proposing a matrix as an alternative tool for analysis of the various entrepreneurial activities in the Pentecostal churches by considering their effect on different stakeholders to determine if the activity achieved the reason for its establishment.

The research on the topic of leadership has long been the area of interest for scholars for many decades. Despite the extensive amount of literature available there is still a gap when it comes to research about the role of student organization in the leadership development of an individual.

This thesis project, therefore, is designed in order to gain deeper understanding of the potential effect of a student organization on the leadership development of a student who took leadership position within student organization. 

This ambition was accomplished through qualitative research with semi-structured interviews conducted in a case study of Erasmus Student Network.

The results of the research have revealed certain link between the leadership development and person’s participation in the activities of student organization. Additionally, cultural aspect has been identified as the important factor of the organization. As the result of our findings, we may conclude that there is a positive correlation between student organizations providing a good opportunity for students to test their leadership abilities in a safe environment, while it was not possible to identify the extent of that impact on the leadership development of an individual. 

We believe that our research may add value to the theoretical knowledge on the leadership topic in the context of student life while giving an opportunity for the reader to use the findings of this study as a practical information and guidelines for potential of student organization to have an impact on the future of an individual.

I. Abstract

In this paper the notion of authentic leadership is explored through lenses, such as sensemaking and discourse. For this a theoretical framework was built from a selection of papers deemed as important in generating the notion of authentic leadership as it is known from its first mentioning to how it is known to us today, and its effects on followers. Also we look at the concept in relation to short insights in sensemaking, and the effects of discourse in relation to the concept, its proliferation and the resulting effects on leaders and leader development, as well as education. This framework is then used to look at some real world scenarios. In addition we have done interviews with people non-related to leadership discourse, being: a pastor, politician, medical specialist, family conference coordinator and tax consultant, to get their perception on authenticity, authentic leadership its importance and restrictions.

To reflect the feeling of the text: Have we by trying to explain authenticity strayed so far from its actual form, that we now understand and believe a phenomenon and concept that do not exist, in this form, in real

This study aims to improve executives’ understanding of the motivation and its complexity in the service sector. Customer service employees are the focus of the study and a vital work group within the service, because people daily come in contact with any kind of service. The phenomenon motivation is therefore essential, since motivated customer service employees can contribute to recurrent customers. Motivation, however, is complex and individually, which can be a problem for executives. In the previous research the work group customer service employees has not given much space and therefore we believe that the results of this study can highlight the work groups significance, because their accomplishment is crucial for a business success. To answer the study’s research question a qualitative method has been used, with semi-structured interviews. The study’s result is based on nine interviews with individuals in significant positions. The conclusion suggests that if the customer service employees’ needs of motivation are not satisfied, negative organizational consequences in terms of stress, sickness absence and staff turnover occur. Customer service employees can however be justified by five distinctive needs, which are working structure, social elements, coaching, goal setting and monetary reward. If the needs are fulfilled, it can lead to positive consequences, for example a good working atmosphere. The employees’ needs can be satisfied by a balance between result- and people oriented leadership, but also a coaching leadership. We believe that a coach can satisfy customer service employees’ individual motivation, which can help companies succeed in keeping the younger generation within the organization, but also to encourage employees to increase performance. The employees can then convey a professional customer service.

Föreliggande rapport är en utvärdering av utbildningsdelen inom projekt Nyckelkrafter. Projektet bedrivs inom Equalprogrammet, vars övergripande mål är ett arbetsliv utan diskriminering och ojämlikhet, präglat av mångfald.

Abstract

Bachelor Thesis, Business Administration III- Organisation, School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, 2FE95E, Spring 2016. Author: Gofi Aldstam Supervisor: John Jeansson

Title: Distribution within sustainability reporting – a thesis regarding sustainability reporting from Swedish companies and organisations

Problem: CSR reporting is increasing within companies and organisations, but to report on three CSR perspectives: socially, environmentally and economically is not enough. The three CSR perspectives need to be evenly distributed to create long-term business and organisations that contribute to a prosperous society.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to examine the extent to which Swedish companies and organisations reported data on all three CSR perspectives and how even distribution between the reported CSR perspectives are. The purpose is also to investigate whether the rate of reporting on the number of CSR perspectives and the distribution between the three CSR perspectives, differ, based on the factors owner, market and international business.

Method: The study was a cross-sectional design with quantitative approach. Secondary analysis was used as a method, when the analysis was made by CSR reports retrieved from the database of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Excel was used for the compilation of data. Based on the theoretical framework information was analyzed from the GRI database.

Results: This study shows that most companies and organisations report on all CSR perspectives. Swedish companies and organisations appear to have equal distribution between CSR perspectives. The results do not differ significantly regarding the factors owner, market and international business, except on reporting rate for CSR perspectives and to some extent distribution between CSR perspectives.

Key words: Sustainability, CSR, GRI, distribution, owner, market, international 

The efficiency of business incubators is disputed, but they have attracted significant attention from policy-makers and are a part of economic policies worldwide. To ensure their efficiency, it has been suggested that more involvement in the ventures by the incubator management would be beneficial. The purpose of this thesis was to inquire into the relationship between entrepreneurial processes and managerial practices in business incubation. Drawing upon research about entrepreneurial processes and the management of entrepreneurship and creativity in other organizational contexts, the thesis problematizes the suggestions of increased managerial interventions in entrepreneurial processes in business incubation.

The purpose was achieved through an analysis of entrepreneurial narratives from two Swedish incubators with different levels of managerial involvement in their ventures. The theoretical frame of reference used for the narrative analysis was based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts for studying varying possibilities and groundings for becoming in narratives. Entrepreneurship is understood as a creative process characterized by dialogue, polyphony and carnival, which has implications for our understanding of business incubation as a phenomenon.

The narrative analysis generated four genres of entrepreneurial narratives and two models of incubation with different conceptualizations of entrepreneurship, the role of the incubator management and the incubation process. The result from the analysis of the incubator management from a creative process view was that the managerial approaches to coaching and clustering favored by the two incubators had different implications for entrepreneurship by providing varying possibilities for creativity due to aspects such as control, standardization and specialization. This study shows that business incubation, regardless of the model, includes a larger variety of entrepreneurial processes than previously recognized.

This study contributes to our understanding of how managerial involvement in business incubation is conducted in practice and how it is understood from the entrepreneur’s perspective. The theoretical contribution of this study is a Bakhtinian framework, which allows us to observe and to understand business incubation differently. The study shows how the Bakhtinian concepts can be adapted and be made useful in studying the relationship between entrepreneurship and management in business incubation by emphasizing entrepreneurship as the product of social interaction.

In this article we develop the analysis and the conceptualization of the relationship between play and work within the increasingly aestheticized working life, drawing on the scholarship of Jacques Rancière and using images of playful office interiors as our empirical case. In doing so, we are able to add to the theorization of the uneasy relationship between the subordination of employee imagination and self to the agendas of the employer, typical of wage labor, and the strive for heteronomy and refiguring of the social order, characteristic of play.

To stay competitive in today’s business environments companies have to adapt to the fast-changing business conditions. Hereby change management plays an important role; companies and consultants often apply certain change models to plan and implement change projects. The two change models by John Kotter, published in 1996 and 2014 are one of the most famous and most often applied ones. Within this thesis, the authors developed a modified change management model where they developed Kotter’s ideas further and enlarged them with new perspectives that were not included before. Resistance to change is considered in the new approach from a positive perspective, which means that it is seen as an opportunity instead of being an obstacle. Besides that, the modified change model includes several leadership aspects that were neglected in Kotter’s change models. New leadership aspects are reflection, a concrete leadership style, sensemaking, as well as the different leadership characters between female and male leader. Out of these new insights, the authors developed a modified change model, which allows to plan and manage the change project better than before.

Den svenska app- industrin befinner sig i ett skede där flera framgångsrika appföretagutvecklas. Det flesta av appföretagen klassar sig som born globals även fast de intealltid innehar marknadsandelar utanför Sverige men där deras tekniska grund tillåter deatt ha en global marknadsnärvaro. Men att göra dess marknadsnärvaro till enmarknadsandel är en process som kräver mycket mer än att bara kalla sig för bornglobal. Entreprenörer måste fylla en stor roll när det kommer till att skapa dessamarknadsandelar, där entreprenören även måste ta viktiga beslut i bland annat valet avinvesterare eller riskkapitalister, vilket kan bidra till att öka chansen för appföretagenatt bli framgångsrika globalt.Den teoretiska referensramen som används för att komma underfund med problemethar huvudsakligen varit, born global teorin, Nätverksperspektivet och InternationelltEntreprenörskaps teori. Där man även kan hitta underrubriker under några teorier.I analysen har vi analyserar vår teoretiska referensram med det empiriska insamladedata för att tillsammans kunna få en slutgiltig analys genom att kombinera teorin,empirin och våra egna tankar.Vi har kunnat dra slutsatsen att det är viktigt för Svenska appföretag att knyta till siginvesterare och riskkapitalister med kunskap och nätverk för att kunna lyckasinternationellt. Men där även relationen med investerarna är otroligt viktig för attkomma åt dessa nätverk och resurser.

Critical perspectives have called for the study of women's entrepreneurship as a route to social change. This social turn' claims women are empowered and/or emancipated through entrepreneurship with limited problematisation of how these interchangeably used concepts operate. Using an institutional perspective in combination with a narrative approach, we investigate women entrepreneurs' life stories on their road to freedom' where entrepreneurial activity enables them to break free' from particular gendered constraints. Through juxtaposing women's narratives in the contexts of Saudi Arabia and Sweden, the relationship between empowerment and emancipation is disentangled and (re)conceptualised. The findings distinguish between empowerment narrated as individual practices to achieve freedom for the self within institutional structures and emancipation as narrated as a wish to challenge and change structures of power and reach collative freedom. The yearning for collective emancipation propels women's stories of entrepreneurship by raising expectations for entrepreneurship as a vehicle for institutional change. Such stories may fascinate and inspire others to engage in entrepreneurial endeavours to become empowered, but whether they reach emancipation remains an empirical question to be answered. The performative dimension of entrepreneurial narratives is, however, their ability to turn emancipation into an (un)reachable object of desire, with a quest for even more individual empowerment and entrepreneurial activity, at the same time excluding other forms of human conduct as conducive for change.

Denna studies syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur ledarskapsutbildningar kan leda till

utveckling hos de som går utbildningarna. Vi kontaktade Kalmar kommun för att ges

möjlighet att studera kommunens utvecklingsinsatser för ledare. Utifrån Kalmar

kommuns ledarutvecklingsstrategi valde vi sedan att gå vidare med att titta på endast en

av deras ledarskapsutbildningar, Utveckling av Grupp och Ledare, UGL. Denna

utbildning syftar till att öka deltagarnas reflektionsförmåga samt självinsikt. Vi träffade

12 stycken ledare inom Kalmar kommun som hade gått utbildningen UGL och

intervjuade dessa om deras upplevelser av utbildningen samt vilka konsekvenser

lärdomarna av denna utbildning hade i deras arbete som ledare. Resultatet visade att

utbildningen både gav deltagarna självinsikt samt presenterade redskap för reflektion

som ledarna kunde ta med sig i sitt arbete. Resultatet visade däremot att deltagarna inte

använde sig av dessa redskap i sitt arbete i den utsträckning som antogs önskvärt.

Vidare visade resultatet att det i framtiden kommer krävas ytterligare insatser både från

Kalmar kommun och Försvarshögskolan för att tillvarata och utveckla de kunskaper

som UGL gav.

Making it easier for Swedish young elderly (60-75 years) to live a rewarding life after retirement is an increasingly important issue in society. One way to achieve this is to give them a sense of purpose by helping other seniors, and to achieve that requires support systems. When developing an information system (IS) there is a need to know about the thoughts, demands and needs they (both those providing and receiving support) have about wellbeing and about use of IS. When designing IS and its interactive e-servicescape it is essential to identify consumer behavioural factors about wellbeing and the feeling of being needed. To do this, a pilot study with a survey was carried out and workshops conducted with a focus group. The conclusions are that expectancy, motivation, context, reward, and trust are the five key elements. These elements can be seen as a model for feeling needed when providing support to others and they also can provide important input to building an IS with its e-servicescape.

This essay aims to examine how composers who specializes in production music identify themselves with their composing and work, this with help from the organisations that they support themselves through. The two organisations are STIM, The Swedish Composers International Musicbureu, or Epidemic Sound. The difference between the two are mainly that with STIM the composers let them manage the administration and to collect their income with Epidemic Sound is that they sell their righs to Epidemic Sound for a flat-fee. Because of this transaction the composition is now owned by the company and they can rent it out to other production companies who would like to have the music in their productions. To the study four composers from STIM, four composers from Epidemic Sound, one publisher and one representative from STIM have been interviewed. In the report it emerges that the composers that are from STIM have worked with music for a long time, the work is almost like their destiny, they see their compositions as artwork than as a craftmanship, they put big value to the copyright law, and the commission is a secondary reason to why they do what they do. The composers for Epidemic Sound on the other hand see their work more like craftmanship and the more secure salary are the reason why the composers choose Epidemic Sound. With the help from organizational-, motivational- and identitybased theories connections has been made between the theories and revenue model. This study shows that there’s been a change within the swedish market for production music since Epidemic Sound was founded in 2009. A change has occurd regarding the institutionalized approach to traditionally license music to production companies. This change has given a new type of composers with another work identity an opportunity to provide themselves on their music. This has been detected by studying how the composers identify themselves with their work and their composing depending on what revenue model they choose.

This paper examines how recruiters use social media during their recruitment process. The paper focuses on the staffing industry and will further examine how recruiters are handling jobseekers personal privacy when they are using social media in a recruitment process. The paper are trying to understand the meaning of what personal integrity means and how or if recruiters show consideration to this in a recruitment process when they are using social media as a recruitment tool.

Our result demonstrates that, today recruiters use social media daily to conduct background checks on job applicants. There are no clear instructions and rules on how recruiters should handle background checks through social media. Recruiters believe that job seekers are responsible for the information contained on the their social media. Recruiters do not see anything wrong with their actions when they choose to do background checks on job applicants through social media. If we look at the factors that violates an individual's privacy, can we conclude that recruits approach could be classified as a violation of jobseekers' personal integrity. 

Purpose: This study aims to increase the understanding of how a public organization’s strategy and structure can be influenced and adapted with cause of larger changes in the environment. The purpose of the study is also to increase the understanding of which opportunities and contrains an organization within the public sector has to adapt organizational structure and strategy, at a substantial environmental change. The study also aims to test existing theory linked to structure - strategy - business environment as well as the importance of fit between strategy and structure.

Method: As a research design, a case study has been applied on one organization within the public sector in Sweden. A deductive approach has constituted the relationship between selected theory and collected data. The study was conducted using a qualitative method where semi-structured interviews have been used as data collection method. 

Conclusion: Organizations within the public sector have the ability to influence and adapt their strategy and structure, and hence, its internal fit along the changes in their environment. Public organizations do not phrase their objectives themselves and cannot decide the domains, in which they will operate. However, public organizations can prepossess their adaptation towards the environment, through their fit between strategy and structure. 

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe and develop what set of skills a design leader require and if these differentiate them from the generic leader in SME organisations.

Theory: The themes and concepts we have based the research on is first and foremost design leadership and skills. We have utilised studies by for example: Miller and Moultrie (2013), Joziasse (2011), Turner (2013) and Mumford et al. (2007) in order to develop an extensive theoretical framework.  

Methodology: We have approached this research in a deductive and qualitative manner through a descriptive and somewhat exploratory design. We have conducted six semi-structured interviews with leaders at manufacturing SME organisations in ‘Småland’.

Conclusion:  Through this research we have established a set of skills that a design leader requires in manufacturing SME organisations. In conclusion we found that the design leader requires well developed generic leadership skills in form of; learn/adapt, speak (convey information), listen (attentive), motivate, inspire, analyse, manage, problem solve, project manage, observe, plan and apprise as well as design specific skills; draw, synthesize, envision-imagine-visualise, edit, design and employ technology. We also identified the difference between the design leader and generic leader, whereby we found a slight difference, even though most generic leaders interviewed utilise aspects of design leadership due to positions interlinking. On top of this we tried to clarify what a design leader really is in these types of organisations, as this was found to be slightly vague in previous literature.  

Denna studie handlar om kapitalförsörjning för såväl sociala som kommersiella företag inom ramen för ett socialt regionalt innovationssystem. Projektets målsättningar består i att identifiera, analysera och i handling omsätta kunskaper kring hur entreprenörskapets möjligheter kan användas för att initiera och utveckla nya eller existerande verksamheter. En väsentlig utgångspunkt för denna studie är att entreprenörskap i dess olika former, kräver tillgång på kapital och då i klartext såväl finansiellt-, socialt- som kunskapskapital.

För att skapa ett långsiktigt hållbart lokalt och regionalt samhälle behövs inte bara robusta kommersiella företag. Sådana samhällen byggs också av sociala företag (SF), vilka består av verksamheter som inte primärt drivs för att maximera vinsten, utan snarare använder överskottet till att göra sociala insatser. Under de senaste årtiondena har antalet sociala företag vuxit världen över och dessa företag kännetecknas bl a av hög andel ideella resurser, en kooperativ struktur, och att eventuella överskott stannar kvar i verksamheten.

There is an increasing gap between the contemporary academic and political concern for social enterprising and available theoretical and empirical research in the field. In this study we want to contribute to a much needed bridge by, first, outlining a conceptual framework for (social) entrepreneuring based on practice-theory. Second, we generate an in-depth inquiry into the everyday operations of two Swedish social businesses, interconnected in an emerging franchise structure, identifying basic structural and processual features of social entrepreneuring. The proposed structures include the dualities individual/collective as the actor, personal/institutional rules of action and self-identity/social identity. The six identified practices concern social bricolaging, amplified immediacy, dynamic involvement, ambiguous legitimacy, self-enforced heterogeneity and urgency for financial viability.

Sammanfattning 

Författare: Dawlat Al Sharkawi

Handledare: Olle Duhlin

Titel: Organisationsförändringar. När företag expanderar skyndsamt– en fallstudie av Klimatkyl AB

Bakgrund: Vi människor utvecklas både personligt och yrkesmässigt genom förändringar.  På samma sätt behöver även organisationer och företag förändras. Sammanslagningar av bolag innebär ofta förändringar i organisationen, organisationsstrukturen och företagskulturen.  En del förändringar kan vara svåra att förutse. Detta påverkar samtliga involverade på olika sätt.  Jag vill studera hur integrationsprocesser går till och identifiera effekten av olika organisationsförändringar samt hur dessa påverkar medarbetarna i den nya miljön. Har man lärt sig något av integrationsprocessen och tagit till sig förändringar som uppstår på vägen? Vilka är motiven vid förvärv och försäljning och vad blev effekten av detta? Företaget Klimatkyl AB, som jag gjort min studie på, har genomgått flera organisationsförändringar genom åren. Precis som andra organisationer stod detta företag inför utmaningen att anpassa sig i en föränderlig omvärld och marknad.

Syfte: Syftet med denna uppsats är att med utgångspunkt i teoretisk kunskap kring organisationsförändring beskriva och skapa förståelse för vilka konsekvenser och effekter som kan uppstå i organisationer till följd av att snabbväxande företag.

Metod: Studiens design utgår från en kvalitativ metod med en deduktiv ansats. För att förstå medarbetarnas reaktioner har djupintervjuer i fokusgrupp genomförts.  Studien utgår ifrån en teoretisk referensram som ligger till grund för de djupintervjuer som gjorts med medarbetarna på organisationen.

Resultat: Delaktighet anses vara en stark bidragande faktor för en lyckad organisationsförändring. Det största ansvaret för att skapa delaktighet ligger hos ledningen, som bör se till att det finns utrymme för att vara delaktig i organisationsförändringen. För att vara delaktig är det viktigt att få information. Genom informationen skapas tryggheten och tilliten till ledningen.   

I följande uppsats jämförs bilden av "Sverige – det nya matlandet" mellan Jordbruksverket och VisitSweden och hurvida den överensstämmer eller ej. Det empiriska materialet är baserat på rapporter, pressmeddelanden och andra webb publikationer. Materialet analyseras sedan enligt en diskursanalys. Vi fann att bilden skiljer sig mellan de två aktörerna.

Working, communicating, socialising and proceeding in multicultural environments are not always easily put into practice. The contrary is the case, it poses various challenges. These challenges will be investigated within this work with a specific focus on the research issues: Which changes leadership needs to face in terms of adapting to new multicultural circumstances? And if so, how to do it? As well as the question about how to strengthen the cultural competences of respective leaders or future-leaders in order to facilitate working and social corporate processes in a company or an organisation. The approximation with Grounded Theory will be conducted as the methodology approach in this thesis. It allows us, as the creator of knowledge, to break the collected data which is gathered within several interviews in order to create thematically concepts out of them and afterwards to relate the respective concepts to each other.  As a result, potential challenges occurring in multicultural environments regarding the collaboration with each other will be identified as well as suggestions of solution in terms of how a leader should face these challenges in order to create chances out of them. Concretely, a guide will point out the most important research insights, based on the experiences by seven interviewees who perceived working in cultural diverse surroundings out of the leadership perspective. The guide´s main target is to evince a way of direction for leaders and/or future-leaders who want to turn potential daily challenges into opportunities. It is a quick checklist that can be used in order to ensure cultural differences as valuable resources instead of barriers for the achievement of the companies’ success whatsoever.  “A leader is someone who helps improve the lives of other people or improve the system they live under.” – Sam Houston. 

Despite its theorization in the political and policy sciences in the early 1990s, the concept of metagovernance has gained relatively little recognition in tourism studies. Nevertheless, its significance in the political sciences and policy literature, especially as a result of the perceived failure of governance systems following the recent global financial crisis, has only served to reinforce its relevance. Metagovernance addresses some of the perceived failures of traditional governance approaches and associated interventions, and has enabled the understanding of central-state led regimes of shadowed hierarchical authorities and local-level micro-practices of social innovation and self-government. In contrast, tourism studies have tended to restrict study of the political dimension of tourism governance and the role of the state under the traditional parallelism between government and governance. Examination of how governance is itself governed enables a better understanding of the practices of planning and policy making affecting tourism and destinations. In particular, the applications of concepts of governance are inextricably linked to a given set of value assumptions which predetermine the range of its application. A short example of the application of the metagovernance paradigm is provided from the New Zealand context. It is concluded that governance mechanisms are not value-neutral and instead serve to highlight the allocation of power in a destination and the dominance of particular values and interests.

Following the 2007-2009 Global Financial Crisis (GFC), some national governments have been pursuing a counter-reform of the public sector characterised by further policy centralisation and the 'hollowing out' of regional authorities. Public expenditure and sovereign public debt reductions have become the pretext for the implementation of hyperneoliberal development agendas aimed at the attraction of inward capitals and a further 'competitive' repositioning of major cities within a global market. Tourism and the visitor economy have been used as leverage for the attraction of capital and skilled people in the long-term development strategies of cities. This article illustrates how crises have led the way in the recent restructuring of the public sector and of destination management organisations (DMOs) in particular. Findings from national and urban development strategies recently implemented in New Zealand suggest a strong, market-driven agenda that follows a hyperneoliberal script. Copyright © 2017 Inderscience Enterprises Ltd.

Sports and event-led regeneration strategies have been a significant characteristic of major cities in the developed world since the 1970s and are an integral, though widely debated, component of urban redevelopment policy. This chapter examines the role of sports and events infrastructure and event hosting as part of post-natural disaster induced regeneration. It focuses on findings from research undertaken between April 2013 and November 2015 on the provision of new amenities for leisure and tourism in the Christchurch central business district (CBD) following the earthquakes of 2010 and 2011. Using the case of the 2010 and 2011 earthquake sequence in Christchurch in New Zealand, the chapter examines the role of sport and events in post-earthquake urban regeneration and the accompanying issues it raises with respect to governance, policy process and planning practice. Since the aftermath of the 22 February 2011 earthquake, the issue of a stadium has become one of the key rebuilding planning topics.

Decision-making in urban contexts is increasingly characterized by a depoliticized environment that has normalized neoliberal urban policies. These are further pursued in post-disaster contexts across the globe with narratives that overshadow the views and demands of the affected communities. Spatial contestation, exclusion of certain groups from key decisions and episodes of non-decision-making thus shape urban redevelopment through top-down governance. This paper provides a Lukesian narrative on post-earthquake Christchurch, where the redevelopment of the city has been characterized by a strong command-and-control rebuild agenda emanating from the national government, regardless of the feedback and criticisms from the affected community.

The concept of resilience has gained momentum in current tourism research, yet there are still flaws and discrepancies between the many notions applied in the field. These limitations arc further evident when we focus on tourist destinations. The aim of this article is to advance the conceptualization of destination resilience through a multilevel perspective (MLP) that frames landscape, regime, niche, and actors as integrated elements of the tourism system. The resulting framework encompasses ecological, socioecological, sociopolitical, socioeconomic, and sociotechnological dimensions reflecting the embeddedness of resilience among heterogeneous and potentially complementary destination stakeholders. It is argued that the use of the MLP advances the understanding of tourism destination planning, particularly in contexts coping with gradual as well as drastic changes due to both demand fluctuations and supply-side disturbances.

Voluntourism is a relatively new branch of tourism, and is considered to be quite sustainable in comparison to other forms of tourism. By researching how the voluntourists perceive the sustainable effects of the work that they have participated in, this thesis has been able to show how detectable some of these effects are. With the focus on the Philippines, this thesis has also been able to determine that the researched voluntourism organisations seems to be present in the country due to the fact that the help that they provide is really needed. By analysing the content of a number of voluntourism organisations, it has been possible to detect that the effects of the voluntourism work have several positive impacts on the local society. Out of these the main effects are the increased access to education and work for the locals. The thesis has also been able to determine that in order for organisations to be able to optimise their sustainability, they need to work with both economic, environmental, and social aspects.

Is contemporary managerial leadership research relevant and helpful to managers? Arguably, managers’ main task and prime concern is to contribute to the attainment of organisational goals, i.e., to enhance organizational effectiveness. On the basis of this premise of relevance, a survey of 105 research articles published in two international journals year 2011 reveals that researchers did not address this question. In these articles the term ‘effectiveness’ occurred about one time for every 1000 words. In the 105 articles effectiveness was seldom defined and never measured. If managers‘ prime concern is to contribute to organizational effectiveness, then there is no surprise that several scholars have found that managers regard leadership research irrelevant and useless.

Sammanfattning

Socker har varit en vara som har spridit sig över hela världen ända sedan dess upptäckande för över tusen år sedan. Man har nu använt det till den utsträckningen att man börjar se det som en fara istället för den lyxvaran den var i Asien vid sin början. Samhället tar avstånd från socker och sötningsmedel och ett av dem speciellt, Isoglykos.

Sverige importerade år 2013 – 72,5% mer socker samt sockervaror i förhållande till export (SCB 2015). Detta skulle möjligen kunna ändras eller ersättas av Isoglukos. Isoglukos vilket är ett direkt substitut till socker, kan framställas ur vete. Eftersom vete är billigare att odla än sockerbetor, så är det fullt möjligt att Isoglukos kan sänka kostnaden för tillverkning av sötade livsmedel.

Massmedia har hittills tagit en tydligt negativ attityd gentemot Isoglukos och menar att substitutet ur ett hälsoperspektiv är sämre än socker, även om inga större oberoende undersökningar pekar på detta.

Ett företag som dock är intresserade av att börja producera Isoglykos är Lantmännen Reppe, i dagsläget producerar de glukos som man sedan säljer till t.ex. godistillverkare. En utbyggnad av sin verksamheter skulle leda till att man skulle kunna producera Isoglykos i framtiden då restriktionerna på dess produktion inom EU hävs 2017. Men i ljus om den dåliga publiciteten har de bett oss ställa frågan: Hur råder nordiska företags attityd kring sötningsmedlet Isoglukos och varför är den så?

Med syftet att ta reda på hur nordiska företag ställer sig till sötningsmedlet Isoglukos, varför deras inställning är som den är samt om de kan tänka sig att ersätta sitt socker mot detta.

För att få en uppfattning så förde vi telefonintervjuer med några av de större aktörerna på denna marknad, det var dessa som Lantmännen Reppe hade störst intresse av att veta hur de ställde sig till frågan.

För att kunna hålla en vetenskaplig linje så valde vi att använda oss av källor som inriktade sig mot attityd och attitydskapande, med Melén (1979) kunde vi undersöka hur man skapar en djupare förståelse mot attityder och Linebarger (1957) samt Jowett & O´Donnel (2006) för att också undersöka propaganda och hur det kan ha en påverkan.

Slutligen har studien visat att företagen håller en svag attityd gentemot sockersubstitutet, vilket är en följd av den okunskap som råder kring isoglukos. För att företagen ska skapa sig en stark attityd gällande användandet av isoglukos, är kunskap kring sockersubstitutet essentiellt. Denna kunskap ses komma naturligt om en initiativtagande aktör skulle introducera substitutet på marknaden.

Reduced working hours is a well-debated subject, both politically as well as within business contexts. In this qualitative study we have chosen to research change in work processes when reduced working hours is implemented. The following research question was phrased: how can an organization change its work processes in order to increase productivity when implementing reduced working hours? In order to answer the question, we conducted a case study on a small, local recruiting and staffing company that has implemented a six-hour working day. All six members of the organization were interviewed and from the empirical material, we identified two main areas that have been of importance; organizational culture and communication. We have reached the conclusion that both a strong organizational culture and well-functioning communication, primarily internal, is necessary in order to successfully implement reduced working hours. We have also reached the following conclusions, which answers our research question; time spent on unnecessary, non-working related tasks, has to be eliminated; communication has to be conducted in a time efficient manner, preferably by using digital tools; meetings has to be audited and revised in order to make sure they are efficient.

Tourism today is not just a tool for economic gain, it also includes categories such as development and conservation. Tourism is currently controlled and constructed by history, nature and tradition; three things that concern areas of culture and heritage. The aim of this bachelor thesis is to study the ways in which a destination uses cultural heritage to attract tourists, as well as to determine how the different ways affects the destination as a visitor destination. We conducted our study in Kalmar city, where we held six interviews with various actors linked to tourism and cultural heritage. The results of the interviews linked to the secondary sources showed that Kalmar have many unique assets in terms of heritage, and that the destination is actively working with it. The work on heritage and its development is primarily done through cooperation between the various actors in the destination. The destination sees the internal and external actors as resources and actively use them and work with them to increase Kalmar's image within the tourism industry. It is the cooperation between the players in terms of conservation, use and accessibility that creates the heritage city of Kalmar today.

Titel:                           Klicka här för att ladda ner förtroende – En studie om att överföra förtroende till förtroende i en B2B-kontext.

Författare:                   David Andersson & Filip Åman

Handledare:                Åsa Devine

Nivå:                           Kandidatuppsats, Enterprising & Business Development (15 hp), VT 2016

Nyckelord:                  Förtroende, e-förtroende, B2B, förtroendeöverföring

Problemformulering:  Vad finns det för möjlighet att överföra förtroende till e-förtroende?

Syfte:                          Att explorera överförbarheten från förtroende till e-förtroende.

Teori:                           Den teoretiska referensramen beskriver de två begreppen förtroende och e-förtroende. Komponenter för förtroende definieras, vilka är likhet, anpassning av intressen, välvilja, kompetens, integritet & förutsägbarhet samt kommunikation. De komponenter som definieras i e-förtroende är webbplatsens säkerhet, information och orderuppfyllelse.

Konceptuell modell:    De olika komponenterna i förtroende och e-förtroende förs samman till en konceptuell modell där möjlig överförbarhet analyseras.

Metod:                         En deduktiv forskningsmetod med en kvalitativ ansats. Urvalet har utformats efter ett specifikt företags befintliga kunder där förtroende redan existerar i affärsrelationen.

Empiri:                        Den empiriska insamlingen består av sex genomförda intervjuer där en sammanfattning av dessa presenteras i empirikapitlet.

Slutsats                        Studien visar på en möjlig överförbarhet från förtroende till e-förtroende när företag besitter ett stort förtroende i en traditionell miljö. Kunderna uppvisar förtroende inom samtliga komponenter under förtroende, vilket gör att de egenskaper som finns i förtroende och återkommer inom komponenterna för e-förtroende kan överföras. För att kunna överföra förtroendet krävs det att företaget kan leverera samma kvalité på e-förtroende som de i nuläget presenterar i traditionellt förtroende. 

Syftet med denna uppsats är att på grundval av tidigare forskning sammanställa vad vi anser aktivt efterföljarskap att innebära. Detta för att sedan skapa en djupare förståelse för hur aktiva efterföljare bidrar till upprätthållandet av organisationskultur.

En fallstudie på Maxi ICA Stormarknad Vetlanda har tillämpats som undersökningsdesign, med en induktiv ansats. En kvalitativ metod har använts där fokusgrupper, intervjuer, observationer och granskning av organisatoriska dokument har genomförts för att producera den empiriska datan.