Entrepreneurship is in full-swing across the globe and it is widely regarded as a sustainable solution to long-unresolved economic issues like unemployment and poverty. Immigration is also a growing reality and the immigrating individuals can contribute to the new societies either by settling for a job or launching a business as an entrepreneur and in turn creating more jobs. However, social constraints are a key hurdle in the way of immigrant entrepreneurs. This paper aims to not only understand the social constraints faced by immigrant entrepreneurs but also provide a set of guidelines on how to overcome these social constraints. A qualitative research study focused on immigrant entrepreneurs in Sweden was designed around this purpose and was conducted in two cities of Sweden. Entrepreneurs in the study were from diverse nationalities of origin and business sectors. Key social constraints identified through the study are cultural differences, differences in business practices, and language – all acting as a wall for foreign entrepreneurs. Networking – both business and social – is regarded as the main solution to overcome these barriers and the weight for this lies equally on state, entrepreneurship industry, and the immigrant entrepreneurs. Immigrant entrepreneurs can overcome the social constraints by also researching their business area in detail as well as marketing themselves and their businesses especially by establishing a strong and trustable social media profile. Government needs to recognize the diversity of immigrant entrepreneurship communities and create tailor-made social interaction programs for different nationalities, educational backgrounds, and business sectors. It can also project positive image of successful immigrant entrepreneurs not only to inspire other immigrant entrepreneurs but also to increase trust regarding immigrant entrepreneurs among native population. Another important step by government could be early orientation for immigrant entrepreneurs to Swedish business market. Entrepreneurship advisory industry needs to understand immigrant entrepreneurs better and organize more multi-cultural events to lower the barriers between native and immigrant communities.

Globalization and technological developments have made it possible to engage in virtual work modes. Globalization also enabled an enormous spread of the ongoing pandemic of covid-19. A situation that forced previously co-located teams to become virtual teams. This required an adaption for leaders to lead in an environment that differs vastly from traditional ones.We conducted a multiple case study with an abductive approach and qualitative method in which 10 semi-structured interviews were held with practitioners across 3 business cases that were experiencing a transition into a virtual work mode.The findings suggest that the work relations between leaders and followers change in several ways when previously co-located teams become virtual teams. This entails new challenges and a shift in the use of leadership styles as well as follower behavior.

Background: The public sector like all other sectors of the economy has been influenced by digitalization. Governments and policy makers are forced to rethink their operational models and business logics. Digitalization offers organizations new ways of creating, delivering and capturing values at the same time new relationships are ensured. However, to leverage these opportunities and to avoid being stagnant, organizations need to rethink their strategies and adapt their operations to suit the digital technologies.

Purpose: This paper aims to understand the digitalization impact on the public organizations’ business models and managing the impact. The identified limited empirics in this context informed the purpose of this study.

Design/methodology/approach: This study was designed as exploratory with a case study carried out. In total four semi-structured interviews were conducted with representatives of a municipality. A combined data and concept driven strategies were used to analyse the data collected to identify how digitalization impact the way the municipality create, deliver and capture value and subsequently how they innovate their business model to adopt to digitalization

Findings: The findings revealed that digitalization is relevant to the municipality and impacts the majority of the business model components of the municipality. Thus, it was identified the municipality engaged in business model innovation to be able to adapt. The strategic agility meta-capabilities appeared to be relevant in managing the changes to the business model components.

In the contemporary knowledge economy, with academia as a major producer and distributor of formal knowledge, process and product innovation – e.g. in form of designing and enacting new curricula – is extremely important. In this spirit, we here report how an internationally recognized master program in entrepreneurship has been developed and put into practice.

An increasing number of education institutions, including many universities and colleges, are offering entrepreneurship education. This development is driven by the hope that more entrepreneurs could be "created" through such efforts, and that these entrepreneurs through their newly founded ventures will contribute to economic growth and job creation. At higher education institutions, the majority of entrepreneurship courses rely on writing business plans as a main pedagogical tool for enhancing the students' entrepreneurial capabilities. In this chapter, the authors argue instead for the need for a pedagogy that focuses on supporting students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset as the basis for venturing activities. They discuss the potential role of games in such entrepreneurship education and present the example of an entrepreneurship game from the Swedish context, which was developed by a group of young female entrepreneurs. The authors describe the game and discuss their experiences of playing it with a group of novice entrepreneurship and management students at the master's level, and they review the effectiveness of the game in terms of how it supports students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset. The authors conclude the chapter by outlining how entrepreneurship games could be integrated into a university curriculum and suggest some directions for future research. © 2015, IGI Global. All rights reserved.

An increasing number of education institutions, including many universities and colleges, are offering entrepreneurship education. This development is driven by the hope that more entrepreneurs could be “created” through such efforts, and that these entrepreneurs through their newly founded ventures will contribute to economic growth and job creation. At higher education institutions, the majority of entrepreneurship courses rely on writing business plans as a main pedagogical tool for enhancing the students’ entrepreneurial capabilities. In this chapter, the authors argue instead for the need for a pedagogy that focuses on supporting students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset as the basis for venturing activities. They discuss the potential role of games in such entrepreneurship education and present the example of an entrepreneurship game from the Swedish context, which was developed by a group of young female entrepreneurs. The authors describe the game and discuss their experiences of playing it with a group of novice entrepreneurship and management students at the master’s level, and they review the effectiveness of the game in terms of how it supports students in crafting an entrepreneurial mindset. The authors conclude the chapter by outlining how entrepreneurship games could be integrated into a university curriculum and suggest some directions for future research.

Departing from the standpoint that internationalisation needs to become a more explicit part of assessing the quality of academic activity (i.e., education, research, and (business) community interaction), we elaborate upon how the intercultural composition of a student cohort could be leveraged as a road to the advancement of entrepreneurship education at the graduate level. We argue that the very heterogeneity of the students with respect to their socio-cultural background and personal experiences offers a rich potential for mutual social learning that reinforces formal education activities. Creating awareness of this collective resource opens up for self-organising processes among the students as they craft an entrepreneurial identity which guides them in their learning throughout the master programme.

Bakgrund: Socialt företagande utmärks av entreprenörens förmåga att identifiera samhällsproblem och tillmötesgå de sociala behoven i samhället. Det finns olika definitioner av socialt entreprenörskap, och dessa antyder att de styrande drivkrafterna skiljer sig ifrån de i traditionellt entreprenörskap. De motivationsfaktorer som den sociala entreprenören har skulle kunna återspeglas i hur verksamheten bedrivs och hur organisationens grundtankar förmedlas ut i företaget. Vidare skulle detta kunna ha en påverkan i strävan efter företagets uppsatta mål, vare sig deär socialt, miljömässigt eller ekonomiskt motiverade.

Problemformulering: Vad finns det för drivkrafter hos en social entreprenör samt hur genomsyras det i företaget?Syfte:Syftet med uppsatsen är att genom fallstudie skapa ökad förståelse för den sociala entreprenören samt hur den motivation som finns visar sig iverksamheten.

Metod: För uppsatsen har en kvalitativ ansats valts,och baseras på en fallstudie av ett företag vars verksamhet utgår ifrån socialt entreprenörskap. Data har samlats in via ett abduktivt tillvägagångssätt, genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer, observationer och teoretisk insamling.

Slutsats: Uppsatsen påvisar de drivkrafter som finns hos den sociala entreprenören. Exempelvis att det primära målet är att uppnå en positiv social-och miljömässig påverkan i samhället, snarare än att generera en ekonomisk vinst. Andra drivkrafter är samtidigt att motivera och utbilda personalen inom medvetenhet om hållbarhet, säkerhet och kvalitet.

Although the topic is trending globally, clear steps forward for female leadership are yet to be made. This is impacted even more by the fact that little empirical research has been conducted to examine the attitudes towards females in managerial positions from different countries' point of view. Therefore, the aim of this research is to get an understanding of the current state of affairs of female leadership in a more global context, with input from both developed and developing countries. Specifically, it explores the similarities and differences of female leadership challenges in Afghanistan and The Netherlands.

To explore challenges experienced by, as well as strategies of, Afghan and Dutch female leaders, a qualitative study was conducted. Ten semi-structured interviews were done in-person and through video calls, consisting of 5 interviews for each country. Ten participants, meeting the criteria of holding a leadership/management position, were chosen through convenience sampling. The results showed significant similarities and differences in female leadership challenges, as well as strategies. 

The unfortunate entanglement of culture in Afghanistan, under Taliban rule, has resulted in the oppression of female leaders. In the Netherlands, female leadership progress appears idealized. Nevertheless, female leaders in both countries share similar strength and strategies to cope with challenges themselves because society seemingly fails to bring change. As the results also show leadership skills specific to female leaders, societies and organizations worldwide should spread awareness and take action in gender equality, unlocking the full potential of female leadership.

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 17 highlights the importance that the partnership narrative plays in the implementation of SDGs. However, given the brevity of many development projects, these partnerships are often developed and concluded rapidly, with little attention given to longer-term implications or success. This paper argues that in order to create and develop partnerships that properly address the SDGs, it is imperative that a process perspective is developed that takes into account the range of stakeholders and interests, values, and the power relations between actors prior to and during the project together with a comprehensive understanding of what is success. This requires a full awareness of the project's context and previous interventions, activities, and policies. In order to illustrate the necessity of longitudinal partnerships and perspectives, a case study, a community-based development project in New Delhi, India, is used. The goal of the project has been to ensure that the community is actively involved in the entire process, eventually becoming owners of the interventions so that, when the project and partnership eventually ends, the community continues to benefit. Examples from the project are used to emphasize the importance of long-term planning and partnership driven by context-specificity, implementation processes and policy-awareness.

Purpose - Existing literature on state socialist and communist heritage as a form of tourist consumption predominately focuses on destination contexts, such as the former Soviet countries and the few remaining state communist countries (i.e. China, North Korea and Cuba). As a result, the visitation to places linked to the history of socialism and communism in the so-called western pluralist democracies has often been overlooked and, at most, unacknowledged, especially as most research on "socialist" heritage focuses on sites connected to statist heritage rather than sites connected to socialist movements. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach - This paper aims to fill the gap in terms of research focusing on these types of sites, with evidence from a range of countries in Europe and the Americas. It does so by illustrating the presence and engagement with official and non-official communist/socialist heritage at varying levels of commodification. Findings - The paper concludes that not only is there a need to broaden the concept of socialist heritage but that its framing needs to continue to be understood from present day ideological discourses and struggles with respect to the marking of urban heritage tourist locations. Originality/value - This contribution advocates the broadening of the concept of socialist heritage by acknowledging the relevance of "hidden" urban sites related to key socialist thinkers, socialist opposition to fascism, and civil wars in which the socialist movement was involved, while also drawing parallels between the levels of socialist/heritage recognition and use as a commodity in relation to the historical narrative within the studied countries.

Heritage tourism is a growing segment of the modern tourism industry, and several studies have been undertaken to identify the individuals who participate in this type of tourism. These have indicated that heritage tourists, generally, are middle class, middle age, and well educated. However, despite their iconic role, there has been relatively little attention paid to profile of visitors to World Heritage Sites. This study aims to better understand the demography of this specific tourism segment through the use of survey-based research at three geographically diverse World Heritage Sites: Independence Hall in the USA, Studenica Monastery in Serbia, and the Archaeological Site of Volubilis in Morocco. Through the use of descriptive statistics, several over-arching trends were noted among the three sites. World Heritage Site visitors were found to be very well educated, but they did not have any similarities in relation to age, income, or residence, which contrasts the "general" heritage tourist typology. However, there were several World Heritage specific trends. While this work is a snapshot of the three sites under study and thus is difficult to generalize, it provides the basis for more comprehensive demographic research on visitors to World Heritage Sites.

The UNESCO World Heritage (WH) List is often regarded as a successful tourism brand that motivates site nominations. However, there is relatively little research dealing specifically with WH brand attraction effects, and what does exist shows conflicting results. There is a significant research gap in terms of awareness of the WH brand and its potential impact on visitation, which this study seeks to fill through a comparative analysis of three diverse case studies: Independence Hall, USA; Studenica Monastery, Serbia; and the Archaeological Site of Volubilis, Morocco. Survey data (n = 771) from these three sites were collected and analyzed resulting in three distinct clusters of visitors. One of the clusters does exhibit higher levels of awareness of the WH brand, but members of this group were not motivated by this knowledge when planning their site visit. It is concluded that the WH brand may function as a placebo, and that its importance may be tied more to political interests than economic advancement. Thus, dependency on the WH List for tourism development may potentially be detrimental for locations in the long term. The WH brand's placebo effect could result in long-term problems for both the site and those whose livelihoods depend on tourism.

Background: Relationships are really important for companies in order to becompetitive today and in these relationships is it important to feel trust to the other companies. There is therefore necessary to find out how companies work to create trust between themselves and their customers.Purpose: The purpose of this report is to examine and explain how staffing companies work to build trust in their relationships with B2B clients through examination of the conceptual model, creating a theoretical contribution.Research question: How do recruiters at staffing companies work to create trust between themselves and the customer?Methodology: The study adopted a quality research method with a deductive approach where the focus wasg on describing and analyzing. The data was collected primarily through semi-­‐structured interviews.Research findings: Through the study’s interviews and their results is it possible to see that staffing companies in Växjö is working with trust. The conclusion is that staffing companies is working a lot and similar with competencies and contractual. But it differs how they work with benevolence. It seems that the staffing companies does not work a lot with benevolence and it depends on the recruiter if they want to work withbenevolence and goodwill or not and how they will do it.

Sustainability, digitalization, demographic change, and health are some of the most important megatrends in the tourism sector. The contributions in this chapter, therefore, focus on their relevance in the context of luxury travel. Four authors have their say, based on their many years of practical experience in the various fields, who can give a profound account of the specific characteristics of these megatrends and why they are relevant. Stefan Gössling concisely describes from a human ecological perspective whether luxury tourism is compatible with the sustainable use of resources and ecosystems. Marc Aeberhard discusses in his contribution whether the immaterial part of the phenomenon of luxury is compatible with the demands for more and more digitalization. Jörg Meurer vividly demonstrates how demographic change is creating new target groups for luxury and premium brands and how these target groups are gaining a completely new and exciting relevance. Finally, Mario Krause places the aspect of health as an immaterial factor in relation to luxury (and travel), setting an important accent as a counterpoint to the ubiquitous phenomenon of wellness.

Författare: Sofia Agrell och Paulina Svensson

Handledare: Kjell Arvidsson

Examinator: Hans Wessblad                                                

Kurs: Företagsekonomi III - organisation, examensarbete (kandidat) 15 hp, 2FE78E

Titel: Vem bestämmer vem du är?

Problemformulering: Hur används identitetsreglering för att påverka anställdas identitet?

Syfte: Uppsatsens syfte är att identifiera vilka aspekter av identitetsreglering som används inom organisationer genom att ta reda på vilka medel som används för att påverka de anställdas identitet.

Metod: Studien har en deduktiv ansats med en kvalitativ datainsamling. Vid insamlingen av empiriskt material genomfördes semi-strukturerade intervjuer. Studien baseras på nio hypoteser som bygger på teoretisk insamlat material  och som sedan provats mot empirin.

Slutsats: Studien har verifierat de nio olika hypoteserna kring hur identitetsreglering sker inom organisationer men också att användandet av de olika hypoteserna sker på olika nivåer. Studien visade att vissa hypoteser används mer än andra. Genom samhörighet och socialisation regleras identiteten hos den anställde lättare. Även värderingar och utbildningar visade sig vara ett effektivt medel för att påverka individens föreställningar och leda individen mot organisationens mål. Social identitet och grupper har en betydande roll för hur individer identifierar sig och studien påvisade att reglera anställda genom att delegera dem till en enhetlig grupp. Studien har även visat att en centralstyrd organisation kan forma de anställda lättare genom att använda tydliga regler som medel.

A contagious virus appeared in late 2019 and later led to the COVID-19 pandemic being declared in March 2020. The pandemic has since seen detrimental socioeconomic effects worldwide which led to a halt in the global tourism industries. Sweden has used a different and criticized approach to combating the pandemic compared to other countries. The country has relied on the individual responsibility and the civic liability of its population.Meanwhile, the biggest island in the country, Gotland, has recovered itsvisitation figures during the pandemic and has been voted the most popular destination in Sweden in 2021. This recovery was, however, not without consequences. Residents of the island have voiced their opinions on the topic of the pandemic and tourism online and in newspapers. Residents have expressed fear of the virus spreading further, imposing health risks as restrictions on social distancing have not been kept by tourists. Tourismrelated research on Swedish island destinations to this end is scarce in addition to there being limited research on residents’ attitudes during a pandemic and limited qualitative research on residents’ attitudes in general.This is a qualitative case study that studies the islanders’ perceptions of tourism impacts with the help of semi-structured interviews and letters to the editors. The study uses Social Exchange Theory as the conceptual framework,a theory described as the most logical framework to explain residents’ perceptions of tourism impacts. The results from this study show that the residents perceive more negative impacts than positive impacts. Perceptions of positive impacts are mainly related to the contributions to rural areas. Negative impacts related to water scarcity, littering, the disappearance of natural areas, over-crowding, gentrification, seasonality, the economic interest of the tourism industry during the pandemic, and more. 

Motivation är väsentligt för individer i arbetslivet, för att kunna arbeta effektivt, vara produktiva och bidra till verksamhetens tillväxt. I yrkeslivet finns flertalet faktorer som bidrar till motivation hos individer, som får dem att prestera bättre, mer effektivt och vara fortsatt motiverade. Dessa faktorer kan utgöras av olika incitament, som kan delas upp i både finansiella samt icke-finansiella incitament. Incitament påverkar individerna och ger upphov till ett motiverande arbetsliv. Startupbolag är idag en företagsform som blir allt mer framträdande, där bolagen och dess individer befinner sig i en ständig tillväxtfas och ofta arbetar tillsammans i så kallade entreprenöriella team. Syftet med studien är att skapa förståelse för hur finansiella och icke-finansiella incitament bidrar till motivation hos individen inom entreprenöriella team i startupbolag. En kvalitativ metod har använts genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med åtta olika respondenter på fem olika startupbolag, där respondenterna har fått dela uppfattningar, tankar och åsikter kring hur incitament påverkar deras motivation i deras arbete när de arbetar i team. 

Respondenternas uttalanden har därefter jämförts med en relevant teoretisk referensram, för att kunna skapa analys och slutsatser kring studiens syfte. Det har framkommit att både finansiella och icke-finansiella incitament har en betydande faktor till hur motivation skapas och bibehålls hos en individ inom ett entreprenöriellt team i ett startupbolag. Finansiella incitament antas utgöra grundläggande motivationsfaktorer, samtidigt som de icke-finansiella incitamenten är de verkliga faktorerna som är motivationshöjande för individerna inom entreprenöriella teams i startupbolag. Icke-finansiella incitament som bidrar till en ökad motivation är exempelvis trivsel på arbetsplatsen, förtroende från ledningen samt en regelbunden uppmuntran och erkännande från företagets ledning och medarbetare. Det anses finnas ett kompensations-förhållande mellan finansiella och icke-finansiella incitament. Men att de finansiella får över tid en sekundär position i individens motivationsskapande. De finansiella incitamenten kan anses temporärt påverka individens autonoma motivation, då dessa kompenserar för låga uppfyllelse av hygienfaktorer. Kompensations-förhållande mellan de olika incitamenten förändras i sin inverkan på en individs motivation när denna befinner sig i ett entreprenöriellt team. Studien påvisar också att samtliga incitament kan motverka motivationen, under bristfälliga förhållanden. 

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to map factors that affect the work with the organizational culture when the organization switches to a digital workplace.

Method: A qualitative study that deals with the phenomenon of organizational culture. The phenomenon is treated with a deductive approach in a cross-sectional study, where data collection took place through semi-structured interviews.

Conclusion: We have come to the conclusion that there are two important factors that should permeate the process of transferring the organizational culture to the virtual workplace. The first perspective we have identified is that the relationships that the organizational culture creates are important for the organization. This means that the relationship building that existed in the physical workplace continues to be an important process in the organization despite the distance. 

A second perspective we have identified is whether the leader gets a different role within the organization. When the work takes place in a physical workplace, the organizational culture can capture situations that in a virtual workplace instead need to be handled by the leader. This is because culture does not have the same place digitally when the group is physically separated.

A crisis such as the Covid-19 pandemic is an extreme situation that differs from day-to-day situations and require that the right decisions be made. Such extreme situations put pressure on managers in organizations to make decisions that many times are improvised, in part because of time pressure and stress, and in part because each crisis is unique and makes it harder to know what the right decision is. The decisions managers make during a crisis are often different from how those decisions would have been made during a normal situation. Should the manager analyse the situation before the decision is made because the crisis is so complex, or should the manager instead follow his or her gut feeling because the crisis’ complexity is too overwhelming to possibly analyse? Such a question has received much attention in research of decision making, not least under extreme situations and crisis such as a pandemic. The purpose of this study is to increase the understanding of how managers deal with the improvised decision making that occur during a crisis. This study contrasts analytical decisions to intuitive decisions, while at the same time opens for the possibility that both styles of decision making could be combined. Interviews have been made with managers from different industries throughout Sweden to increase the understanding of crisis decision making during the Covid-19 pandemic. The study shows that most managers use analysis or combine analysis with intuition. Few managers tend to use intuition only. Furthermore, this study shows that the way the manager views the crisis can affect the decisions that he or she makes. If the manager views the merely as a threat, he or she will tend to focus on internal activities aimed at reducing the negative effects caused by the pandemic on the organisation and their members. If the manager chooses also to view the pandemic as an opportunity, it can lead to external activities that can take advantage of the pandemic, by for example expanding their business and business network. The study shows that most decisions have been made through communication and interplay with other actors. Only few decisions have been made without any communication or interplay whatsoever. The fact that most decisions have been made through communication with others seem to have reduced the effect of different biases. Managers have become less partial when other people’s perspectives have been included in the decisions. Finally, most managers believe that this pandemic has made them a better decision maker, and some believe that prior stressful situations and crisis have greatly assisted them during this pandemic.  

The aim of this study is to test if the impersonal trust sub-constructs serve aspredictors of quality in LMX-relations. By performing structural equation modelingwith empirical data, a model was developed that optimally predicts quality in LMXrelations. A cross-sectional survey was designed in order to gather data fromemployees in Kalmar municipality (N=574) and was analyzed by Analysis ofMoment Structures (AMOS). The result suggests that the sub-construct of HRMpractices predicts quality in LMX-relations while simultaneously being regressed bythe sub-construct management of business and people and organizing theoperational activities. Additionally, the result indicates that the sub-constructmanagement of business and people correlate with other sub-constructssustainability, fair play and communication. This study indicates the importance ofHRM-practices, managerial capability and the organizing the operational activitiesin order to predict quality in LMX-relations by increasing the impersonal trust. 

Employees with the right skills give competitive advantages. It is therefore important to retain existing staff with the right skills but also to attract new talent. In the IT industry, there is currently lack of competence and the need will increase in the future. Companies that create a strong employer brand will perform better when it comes to the war of the talents. With the lack of competence in the labor market, the younger, more technologically skilled generation has developed an unfair attitude towards employers who desperately try to persuade competent people to choose their company through generous job offers. The employers must work on their employer brand to seem more attractive to employees and potential employees in order to attract, retain, develop and motivate them to choose or stay at the company. The purpose of this paper is to create an understanding of motivation, talent acquisition and employee retention in markets where there is a lack of specialized personnel.

Motivation is achieved through internal and external attributes, where internal motivation is created by work satisfaction while external motivation is fulfilled by monetary and material motivational factors. Talent acquisition involves a clear recruitment strategy where the company's brand is used as an attraction channel of a certain skill and personality. It also applies to retaining talent within the company through employee retention where a stimulating and evolving employment experience is maintained by the company.

The essay shows that young people in the IT industry are well aware of the lack of competence and make their demands accordingly. They want a high level of workplace flexibility to balance jobs and private life, as well as independence in the way they solve tasks. Furthermore, they want the freedom to choose work equipment as this is central to their daily work. Development opportunities such as attending conferences are valued as one of the crucial factors in choosing employers. If the younger generation's personal values as well as sustainability and ethical views do not match the company's actions, it will most likely lead them to leave the company in the long term.

This piece of writing is a joint initiative by the participants in the Gender, Work and Organization writing workshop organized in Helsinki, Finland, in June 2019. This is a particular form of writing differently. We engage in collective writing and embody what it means to write resistance to established academic practices and conventions together. This is a form of emancipatory initiative where we care for each other as writers and as human beings. There are many author voices and we aim to keep the text open and dialogical. As such, this piece of writing is about suppressed thoughts and feelings that our collective picket line allows us to express. In order to maintain the open-ended nature of the text, and perhaps also to retain some 'dirtiness' that is essential to writing, the article has not been language checked throughout by a native speaker of English.

Despite a vast literature conceptualizing a memorable tourism experience, empirical studies overlook the context in which those experiences are produced and compiled into actions that benefit the environment. Accordingly, we need to better understand to what extent the experience of megafauna enclosures strengthens visitors' overall support for wildlife protection. To close this knowledge gap, we study memorable tourism experiences in the Bison enclosures within Poland to better understand the significance of the environmental context in which the experience induces support for protecting the species. To this end, the study employs both symmetric and asymmetric models to uncover the complexity of individual behavioural paths. The PLS-SEM results confirm the role of memorable experiences in the relationship between attitudinal and behavioural outcomes. In a complimentary manner, the fsQCA results reveal how environmental planners can analyze complex constellations of internal and external factors to elucidate the conditions that generate visitor support for wildlife protection.

Pentecostalism has grown from its founding days in 1900 in Topeka, USA and has extended its reach to most parts the world including Africa where it took off in the 1970s and continues to grow with many mega churches being established. In addition to their main role of taking care of the spiritual development of their followers, many Pentecostal churches have begun to get involved in provision of social and economic goods and services. This has however attracted attention to the churches with some of them being labelled as businesses, their founders being considered as entrepreneurs hiding under the guise of churches and seen as exploiting their followers.

The purpose of the thesis is to explore, through research questions, if entrepreneurial activities are carried out in the Pentecostal churches in Uganda and if so, whether such activities can be considered productive, unproductive or destructive entrepreneurship and what their implications are. This qualitative study employed qualitative methods of data collection and deductive approach with primary data collected through semi-structured interviews with 6 members of Pentecostal churches in Kampala and 1 non-member that regularly goes to Pentecostal churches to get a feel of their activities.

The findings show that there the Pentecostal churches carryout a number of entrepreneurial activities that address spiritual, social and economic aspects of the church members and the community. The study further shows that some of these entrepreneurial activities have a positive impact on the church members and the community and by extension the state whereas some activities do not improve the church members and the community and others have a negative impact on the church members and the community. It is shown through this thesis that determining the implication of the entrepreneurial activities is complicated when such activities are lumped together and not considered individually since some of the activities in the Pentecostal may be productive while some may be unproductive or destructive.

The contribution of this thesis is by proposing a matrix as an alternative tool for analysis of the various entrepreneurial activities in the Pentecostal churches by considering their effect on different stakeholders to determine if the activity achieved the reason for its establishment.

The research on the topic of leadership has long been the area of interest for scholars for many decades. Despite the extensive amount of literature available there is still a gap when it comes to research about the role of student organization in the leadership development of an individual.

This thesis project, therefore, is designed in order to gain deeper understanding of the potential effect of a student organization on the leadership development of a student who took leadership position within student organization. 

This ambition was accomplished through qualitative research with semi-structured interviews conducted in a case study of Erasmus Student Network.

The results of the research have revealed certain link between the leadership development and person’s participation in the activities of student organization. Additionally, cultural aspect has been identified as the important factor of the organization. As the result of our findings, we may conclude that there is a positive correlation between student organizations providing a good opportunity for students to test their leadership abilities in a safe environment, while it was not possible to identify the extent of that impact on the leadership development of an individual. 

We believe that our research may add value to the theoretical knowledge on the leadership topic in the context of student life while giving an opportunity for the reader to use the findings of this study as a practical information and guidelines for potential of student organization to have an impact on the future of an individual.

I. Abstract

In this paper the notion of authentic leadership is explored through lenses, such as sensemaking and discourse. For this a theoretical framework was built from a selection of papers deemed as important in generating the notion of authentic leadership as it is known from its first mentioning to how it is known to us today, and its effects on followers. Also we look at the concept in relation to short insights in sensemaking, and the effects of discourse in relation to the concept, its proliferation and the resulting effects on leaders and leader development, as well as education. This framework is then used to look at some real world scenarios. In addition we have done interviews with people non-related to leadership discourse, being: a pastor, politician, medical specialist, family conference coordinator and tax consultant, to get their perception on authenticity, authentic leadership its importance and restrictions.

To reflect the feeling of the text: Have we by trying to explain authenticity strayed so far from its actual form, that we now understand and believe a phenomenon and concept that do not exist, in this form, in real

This study aims to improve executives’ understanding of the motivation and its complexity in the service sector. Customer service employees are the focus of the study and a vital work group within the service, because people daily come in contact with any kind of service. The phenomenon motivation is therefore essential, since motivated customer service employees can contribute to recurrent customers. Motivation, however, is complex and individually, which can be a problem for executives. In the previous research the work group customer service employees has not given much space and therefore we believe that the results of this study can highlight the work groups significance, because their accomplishment is crucial for a business success. To answer the study’s research question a qualitative method has been used, with semi-structured interviews. The study’s result is based on nine interviews with individuals in significant positions. The conclusion suggests that if the customer service employees’ needs of motivation are not satisfied, negative organizational consequences in terms of stress, sickness absence and staff turnover occur. Customer service employees can however be justified by five distinctive needs, which are working structure, social elements, coaching, goal setting and monetary reward. If the needs are fulfilled, it can lead to positive consequences, for example a good working atmosphere. The employees’ needs can be satisfied by a balance between result- and people oriented leadership, but also a coaching leadership. We believe that a coach can satisfy customer service employees’ individual motivation, which can help companies succeed in keeping the younger generation within the organization, but also to encourage employees to increase performance. The employees can then convey a professional customer service.

Studien behandlar fenomenet besöksnäringsstrategier och hur dessa implementeras från en regional organisation till lokala organisationer inom besöksnäringen. Syftet för studien var att undersöka hur visioner blir till och uppfylls när olika typer av organisationer är inblandade. Genom intervjuer samlades material in för att undersöka hur lokala besöksnäringsorganisationer ser på hur arbetet ska ske inom ett län för att utvecklas tillsammans. Resultatet som presenteras baseras på att kommunikation och delaktighet är bland de viktigaste faktorerna och att organisationerna har områden som de kan samverka runt. Resultatet som presenteras kommer vara användbart för när Region Kalmar ska skapa sin besöksnäringsstrategi under våren 2021.

The impact that technology has on modern international business is comprehensive, it has, and is transforming the way that business and interaction are conducted across borders. Through development of new technologies arises opportunities to be exploited in the search for beneficial advantages. To meet the development and evolution of today’s society’s demanding social and digital needs, advancements and measures are being made in key areas such as methods of payment, supply chain management and data transformation. 

Blockchain is currently one of the hottest topics when it comes to developing new ecosystems within the financial global environment. The technology of blockchain has disrupted traditional models and solutions both across the public and private sector and across different industries. Blockchain is basically a digital networking system of computers that monitors, distributes, and duplicates information regarding for example, transactions, that then is stored in a digital ledger within the blockchain. The usage of different types of blockchain setups is having an exponential growth across the international business landscape, the potential benefits of receiving and distributing information as well as transactions in a faster, transparent, and more secure way is intriguing. 

Despite its relevance to international business theory, there has been limited academic contribution on the impact of blockchain technology. By relating blockchain technology to theoretical models and providing a new context for the phenomenon this thesis contributes to the existing research. The study revolves around the following research questions: “What impact has blockchain on businesses ability to reach and gain access to international markets?” as well as “What are the main challenges that companies face when using blockchain technology to conduct business across borders?” In which the empirical findings from four company representatives concluded that, objectively blockchain has made it easier for companies to gain access to international markets. The internationalization process becomes more efficient and transparent, relationships and network creation across borders gets substantially easier through increased interconnectivity. Blockchain creates new business models and processes that reaches consensus and trust more effectively. Furthermore, obstacles associated with international payments that can be seen to limit cross-border trade gets mitigated by transparent chains of information. The main challenges companies face when using blockchain technology to conduct business across borders mainly relies on the counterpart experiencing structural difficulties to understand how to comprehensively implement blockchain technology throughout the organization. 

Abstract

Bachelor Thesis, Business Administration III- Organisation, School of Business and Economics, Linnaeus University, 2FE95E, Spring 2016. Author: Gofi Aldstam Supervisor: John Jeansson

Title: Distribution within sustainability reporting – a thesis regarding sustainability reporting from Swedish companies and organisations

Problem: CSR reporting is increasing within companies and organisations, but to report on three CSR perspectives: socially, environmentally and economically is not enough. The three CSR perspectives need to be evenly distributed to create long-term business and organisations that contribute to a prosperous society.

Purpose: The purpose of the thesis is to examine the extent to which Swedish companies and organisations reported data on all three CSR perspectives and how even distribution between the reported CSR perspectives are. The purpose is also to investigate whether the rate of reporting on the number of CSR perspectives and the distribution between the three CSR perspectives, differ, based on the factors owner, market and international business.

Method: The study was a cross-sectional design with quantitative approach. Secondary analysis was used as a method, when the analysis was made by CSR reports retrieved from the database of the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI). Excel was used for the compilation of data. Based on the theoretical framework information was analyzed from the GRI database.

Results: This study shows that most companies and organisations report on all CSR perspectives. Swedish companies and organisations appear to have equal distribution between CSR perspectives. The results do not differ significantly regarding the factors owner, market and international business, except on reporting rate for CSR perspectives and to some extent distribution between CSR perspectives.

Key words: Sustainability, CSR, GRI, distribution, owner, market, international 

The efficiency of business incubators is disputed, but they have attracted significant attention from policy-makers and are a part of economic policies worldwide. To ensure their efficiency, it has been suggested that more involvement in the ventures by the incubator management would be beneficial. The purpose of this thesis was to inquire into the relationship between entrepreneurial processes and managerial practices in business incubation. Drawing upon research about entrepreneurial processes and the management of entrepreneurship and creativity in other organizational contexts, the thesis problematizes the suggestions of increased managerial interventions in entrepreneurial processes in business incubation.

The purpose was achieved through an analysis of entrepreneurial narratives from two Swedish incubators with different levels of managerial involvement in their ventures. The theoretical frame of reference used for the narrative analysis was based on Mikhail Bakhtin’s concepts for studying varying possibilities and groundings for becoming in narratives. Entrepreneurship is understood as a creative process characterized by dialogue, polyphony and carnival, which has implications for our understanding of business incubation as a phenomenon.

The narrative analysis generated four genres of entrepreneurial narratives and two models of incubation with different conceptualizations of entrepreneurship, the role of the incubator management and the incubation process. The result from the analysis of the incubator management from a creative process view was that the managerial approaches to coaching and clustering favored by the two incubators had different implications for entrepreneurship by providing varying possibilities for creativity due to aspects such as control, standardization and specialization. This study shows that business incubation, regardless of the model, includes a larger variety of entrepreneurial processes than previously recognized.

This study contributes to our understanding of how managerial involvement in business incubation is conducted in practice and how it is understood from the entrepreneur’s perspective. The theoretical contribution of this study is a Bakhtinian framework, which allows us to observe and to understand business incubation differently. The study shows how the Bakhtinian concepts can be adapted and be made useful in studying the relationship between entrepreneurship and management in business incubation by emphasizing entrepreneurship as the product of social interaction.

The purpose of this paper is to add to the broader field of feminist organization and entrepreneurship scholarship by introducing and theorizing girlhood as a distinct enterprising femininity. More specifically, we investigate how girlhood, now enjoying a prominent role in commercial culture, impacts the relationship between enterprising self and femininity due to girlhood's many non-entrepreneurial features. We draw on the scholarship from the field of cultural studies to present the core politico-aesthetical categories, used to express girlhood as a distinct form of femininity. Empirically, we present and analyze an illustrative case of two large women-only professional networks that use girlhood and enterprising as their core message to their audiences. Our contributions render visible and provide a theoretical framework for studying girlhood as enterprising femininity, and add to the theorization of gendered and intersectional tensions and struggles between the market pressures to conform to the prevailing ideals of individualized success and the political ambition to challenge the status quo. More so, our theorization of girlhood as enterprising femininity allows us to raise question of what facets of femininity remain excluded - and thus in need of further theorization and critical feminist interventions - within the economic domain.

In this article we develop the analysis and the conceptualization of the relationship between play and work within the increasingly aestheticized working life, drawing on the scholarship of Jacques Rancière and using images of playful office interiors as our empirical case. In doing so, we are able to add to the theorization of the uneasy relationship between the subordination of employee imagination and self to the agendas of the employer, typical of wage labor, and the strive for heteronomy and refiguring of the social order, characteristic of play.

Due to today’s digital transformation, traditional ways of communication are increasingly replaced by virtual and digital communication channels. The challenge for leaders in this digital environment is consequently to reach out to their followers to the same extent as in physical meetings. Leadership is about influencing people to strive towards a desired direction and leaders’ aims are thereby to impact their followers both cognitively but also emotionally in order to stimulate motivation. Emotional intelligence revolves around the necessity of understanding and reading others’ emotions and how to act upon that in order to successfully interact with others. By reason of the current Covid-19 pandemic, we have the rare opportunity to explore the interaction between leaders and followers during the time of a global pandemic and understand how the accompanying social distance may impact the emotional aspects in leadership. The research question for this thesis is thereby: How can emotional value be created in the interaction between leaders and followers in today's digitalized world? The theoretical framework that constitutes the basis of the thesis is divided into four main concepts which are: the relational perspective of leadership, emotional intelligence, creating emotional value and the digital transformation in the business world. The study has an exploratory purpose and is of a qualitative approach. In order to collect empirical data, semi-structured interviews were held with eight participants whereof four leaders and four followers. The findings could be divided into four themes which are: Human touch and individual need, Social skills and individual adaptation, Work satisfaction and motivation and Future strategies. The result of the study shows that emotional value is highly important in the interaction between leaders and followers in order to maintain engagement, satisfaction and motivation in a digital work environment. The conclusion is however that emotional value indeed can be created through digital communication but that it has to be created in a quite different way than in physical meetings.

Purpose: A central ambition and purpose of the the thesis is to shed light on the social capital within the cluster and how it contributes to the creation of networks, in what turned out to be intertwined relationships between micro-foundations and social structures.

Methodology/approach: This research paper used qualitative research methods, more specifically 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted and one mini focus group. The thesis had an abductive approach.

Findings: Consistent throughout the process of the thesis, there has been a clear connection between social capital and how this affects and contributes to the creation of networks. The micro-foundations such as trust, network, communication, collaboration, and cooperation are thus intertwined with the social structures of the cluster and its development. Thus, the findings of this paper can be of interest for creating a common understanding and providing key insights to several other clusters.

Research Delimitations / limitations: Regarding Delimitations, the researchers did choose to limit the study to ICS. The Narrative review was however not been delimited, as the authors studied other cases in clustering. Regarding limitations, there was a certain level of limited access to the respondents, as the researchers tried to reach out to plenty of members, however, there was a low level of response at first. This did however not affect the outcome.

Practical implications: Reviewing the literature has led to the conclusion that there is room for improvement regarding social capital in clusters and its effect on networking. Thus, this paper provides implications for clusters all over the world that struggle with the social capital.

Originality: The originality of this paper is that it researched an aspect of clustering that is well under-researched in order to shed light on and provide a comprehensive understanding of the social capital and its effect on networking. Thus, the outcome of this paper provides cluster guidance as to the unique value proposition.

To stay competitive in today’s business environments companies have to adapt to the fast-changing business conditions. Hereby change management plays an important role; companies and consultants often apply certain change models to plan and implement change projects. The two change models by John Kotter, published in 1996 and 2014 are one of the most famous and most often applied ones. Within this thesis, the authors developed a modified change management model where they developed Kotter’s ideas further and enlarged them with new perspectives that were not included before. Resistance to change is considered in the new approach from a positive perspective, which means that it is seen as an opportunity instead of being an obstacle. Besides that, the modified change model includes several leadership aspects that were neglected in Kotter’s change models. New leadership aspects are reflection, a concrete leadership style, sensemaking, as well as the different leadership characters between female and male leader. Out of these new insights, the authors developed a modified change model, which allows to plan and manage the change project better than before.

Abstract

Purpose – The purpose of this specific study is to discover how mothers in the Middle East perceive their entrepreneurial identity based on the results and our interpretation of the mothers' narratives, to fill the gap that was discovered in mompreneurship identity research area in the Middle East.

Design/methodology/approach – A Qualitative Research Design using the ‘Abductive reasoning’ method was implemented. And the philosophical approach of this study is the ‘Interpretive Epistemology’ based on the interpretation of narratives and life experience of seven interviewed samples of mothers who own businesses ‘mompreneurs’ from the Middle East. Semi-structured interviews in the form of internet-based interviewing were used. And in order to analyze the result a narrative analysis approaches, William Labov Approach and the Dialogic performance analysis approach were utilized.

Findings – the findings in this study showed that the results of the majority of samples identified themselves as being totally Momprenures and they appreciate their role as a mother and a business owner. And that they have several motivations such as (Forced, Intrinsic, classic and work-family) which classified them under certain typologies of the entrepreneurial identity (Solution -seeker, Self-actualized, Informed, Bonafide and Missionary identity). However, no certain motivation was considered to be the dominant. And the results indicate that, three samples that were motivated by (Forced Factors) falls under the same typology of solution seeker Identity. And the other three samples that were motivated by (Intrinsic and Classic motivations) falls under the typology of Informed Entrepreneur, restricted to the understanding of the samples taken from the Middle East. In Addition, the results also indicated that the momprenure identity was not directly affected by gender, as reflected by theories where masculinity is related to entrepreneurship.

Research limitations/contribution – This study was limited by several factors unexpected situation of the spreading of (CORONAVIRUS) which limited samples size, and canceled the in-person meetings for interviews. Therefore, the results were only Restricted to our samples and might not be taken as general outcomes. The contribution of our findings will be opening the door for further studies on a broader scale to cover a wider range of motivations, and a wider range of identity theories that would reflect the identities of mothers in the context of the Middle East.

Den svenska app- industrin befinner sig i ett skede där flera framgångsrika appföretagutvecklas. Det flesta av appföretagen klassar sig som born globals även fast de intealltid innehar marknadsandelar utanför Sverige men där deras tekniska grund tillåter deatt ha en global marknadsnärvaro. Men att göra dess marknadsnärvaro till enmarknadsandel är en process som kräver mycket mer än att bara kalla sig för bornglobal. Entreprenörer måste fylla en stor roll när det kommer till att skapa dessamarknadsandelar, där entreprenören även måste ta viktiga beslut i bland annat valet avinvesterare eller riskkapitalister, vilket kan bidra till att öka chansen för appföretagenatt bli framgångsrika globalt.Den teoretiska referensramen som används för att komma underfund med problemethar huvudsakligen varit, born global teorin, Nätverksperspektivet och InternationelltEntreprenörskaps teori. Där man även kan hitta underrubriker under några teorier.I analysen har vi analyserar vår teoretiska referensram med det empiriska insamladedata för att tillsammans kunna få en slutgiltig analys genom att kombinera teorin,empirin och våra egna tankar.Vi har kunnat dra slutsatsen att det är viktigt för Svenska appföretag att knyta till siginvesterare och riskkapitalister med kunskap och nätverk för att kunna lyckasinternationellt. Men där även relationen med investerarna är otroligt viktig för attkomma åt dessa nätverk och resurser.

Critical perspectives have called for the study of women's entrepreneurship as a route to social change. This social turn' claims women are empowered and/or emancipated through entrepreneurship with limited problematisation of how these interchangeably used concepts operate. Using an institutional perspective in combination with a narrative approach, we investigate women entrepreneurs' life stories on their road to freedom' where entrepreneurial activity enables them to break free' from particular gendered constraints. Through juxtaposing women's narratives in the contexts of Saudi Arabia and Sweden, the relationship between empowerment and emancipation is disentangled and (re)conceptualised. The findings distinguish between empowerment narrated as individual practices to achieve freedom for the self within institutional structures and emancipation as narrated as a wish to challenge and change structures of power and reach collative freedom. The yearning for collective emancipation propels women's stories of entrepreneurship by raising expectations for entrepreneurship as a vehicle for institutional change. Such stories may fascinate and inspire others to engage in entrepreneurial endeavours to become empowered, but whether they reach emancipation remains an empirical question to be answered. The performative dimension of entrepreneurial narratives is, however, their ability to turn emancipation into an (un)reachable object of desire, with a quest for even more individual empowerment and entrepreneurial activity, at the same time excluding other forms of human conduct as conducive for change.

Denna studies syfte var att öka förståelsen för hur ledarskapsutbildningar kan leda till

utveckling hos de som går utbildningarna. Vi kontaktade Kalmar kommun för att ges

möjlighet att studera kommunens utvecklingsinsatser för ledare. Utifrån Kalmar

kommuns ledarutvecklingsstrategi valde vi sedan att gå vidare med att titta på endast en

av deras ledarskapsutbildningar, Utveckling av Grupp och Ledare, UGL. Denna

utbildning syftar till att öka deltagarnas reflektionsförmåga samt självinsikt. Vi träffade

12 stycken ledare inom Kalmar kommun som hade gått utbildningen UGL och

intervjuade dessa om deras upplevelser av utbildningen samt vilka konsekvenser

lärdomarna av denna utbildning hade i deras arbete som ledare. Resultatet visade att

utbildningen både gav deltagarna självinsikt samt presenterade redskap för reflektion

som ledarna kunde ta med sig i sitt arbete. Resultatet visade däremot att deltagarna inte

använde sig av dessa redskap i sitt arbete i den utsträckning som antogs önskvärt.

Vidare visade resultatet att det i framtiden kommer krävas ytterligare insatser både från

Kalmar kommun och Försvarshögskolan för att tillvarata och utveckla de kunskaper

som UGL gav.

Making it easier for Swedish young elderly (60-75 years) to live a rewarding life after retirement is an increasingly important issue in society. One way to achieve this is to give them a sense of purpose by helping other seniors, and to achieve that requires support systems. When developing an information system (IS) there is a need to know about the thoughts, demands and needs they (both those providing and receiving support) have about wellbeing and about use of IS. When designing IS and its interactive e-servicescape it is essential to identify consumer behavioural factors about wellbeing and the feeling of being needed. To do this, a pilot study with a survey was carried out and workshops conducted with a focus group. The conclusions are that expectancy, motivation, context, reward, and trust are the five key elements. These elements can be seen as a model for feeling needed when providing support to others and they also can provide important input to building an IS with its e-servicescape.

En story är en strukturerad berättelse med budskap, mål och målgrupp. Genom att slå an på känslorna hos mottagaren – oavsett om det gäller ett strukturerat berättande runt lägerelden eller i det digitala rummet är storytelling ett användbart verktyg för att nå ut med ett budskap.

På ett lättillgängligt sätt förmedlas här grundläggande arbetssätt, verktyg, teorier samt berättelser och storyexempel. Del 1 ger bakomliggande teorier som underlättar skapandet, del 2 beskriver stegvis storyskapandet och del 3 kompletterar del 1 och 2 genom att tillföra kompletterande arbetsmetoder.

Boken riktar sig till såväl studenter på universitets- och högskole­nivå som elever på folkhögskola, yrkeshögskola och gymnasieskola. Den riktar sig även till yrkesverksamma inom kommunikation, likväl till chefer och ledare.

Nuförtiden vill företag ha ledare som ansvarar för deras handlingar, håller fast vid principer och har höga standarder för integritet. Att hitta samt främja dessa typer av individer är av betydelse för företag då utbudet av denna sortens ledare är lågt. Detta gör det viktigt att studera vad det är som motiverar unga vuxna till att bli ledare. Det räcker inte att ha kunskap om hur en ledare ska vara utan även motivationen att bli ledare är av stor vikt. Utan motivationen som behövs för att delta i processen att bli ledare, tappar individen motivation till att agera som ledare överhuvudtaget. 

Syftet med detta arbete är att skapa förståelse om vilken inställning unga vuxna har till att bli ledare. För att uppfylla syftet har denna studie en kvalitativ forskningsmetod och med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio informanter via Zoom. Ett bekvämlighetsurval utnyttjades för att hitta unga vuxna som var villiga att delta i studien, detta på grund av omständigheterna med COVID-19. Studien har tillämpat en abduktiv forskningsansats.

Studiens resultat indikerar på att aspekter såsom sociala normer, rädsla för att misslyckas, lön, tilltro till sin egen förmåga och ledarskapserfarenheter påverkar unga vuxnas inställning till ledarroller. Majoriteten av informanterna som intervjuades kan tänka sig att anta en ledarroll beroende på ovanstående aspekter. Tveksamheterna informanterna känner, baserar sig framförallt på det ansvar som ledarroller medför. Motståndskraften till deras ledaridentitet är individbaserat mot de motgångar som kan uppstå. Informanterna stärker sin tilltro till sin egna förmåga och TLF och behöver inte utveckla en ny ledaridentitet inför varje ledarroll om de har flera ledarroller över en kort period, eller en ledarroll över en längre tid.

This essay aims to examine how composers who specializes in production music identify themselves with their composing and work, this with help from the organisations that they support themselves through. The two organisations are STIM, The Swedish Composers International Musicbureu, or Epidemic Sound. The difference between the two are mainly that with STIM the composers let them manage the administration and to collect their income with Epidemic Sound is that they sell their righs to Epidemic Sound for a flat-fee. Because of this transaction the composition is now owned by the company and they can rent it out to other production companies who would like to have the music in their productions. To the study four composers from STIM, four composers from Epidemic Sound, one publisher and one representative from STIM have been interviewed. In the report it emerges that the composers that are from STIM have worked with music for a long time, the work is almost like their destiny, they see their compositions as artwork than as a craftmanship, they put big value to the copyright law, and the commission is a secondary reason to why they do what they do. The composers for Epidemic Sound on the other hand see their work more like craftmanship and the more secure salary are the reason why the composers choose Epidemic Sound. With the help from organizational-, motivational- and identitybased theories connections has been made between the theories and revenue model. This study shows that there’s been a change within the swedish market for production music since Epidemic Sound was founded in 2009. A change has occurd regarding the institutionalized approach to traditionally license music to production companies. This change has given a new type of composers with another work identity an opportunity to provide themselves on their music. This has been detected by studying how the composers identify themselves with their work and their composing depending on what revenue model they choose.

Forskning visar att ledarskap är ett omtvistat begrepp med ett flertal definitioner som än idag inte har en allmän definition. Detta medför att vi väljer att presentera ledarskap ur olika ansatser för att få en ökad förståelse till varför det tolkas olika. Vidare är även E-ledarskap ett väl utforskat område och i takt med digitaliseringen har dess relevans ökat. Det var just E-ledarskapet som fångade vårt intresse, och i samband med att det har blivit ett verktyg för många företag under den rådande pandemin. Den nuvarande foskningen om E-ledarskap ger främst upplysning till organisationer där detta har varit ett eget medvetet val. Vi anser att det saknas en större utsträckning av foskning om organisationer som tvingas övergå till E-ledarskap till följd av externa faktorer, som i detta fall en pågående pandemi. Således grundar sig vårt syfte i att skapa en ökad förståelse för hur ledarskapet ter sig när en organisation övergår till distansarbete. Därefter vill vi även framföra hur de som utövar ledarskapet skapar mening kring organisationen och om detta i sin tur har ett samband med förändringen. Under arbetets gång har vi kommit fram till att kommunikation och kultur oundvikliga ämnen i samband med ledarskap och därmed något som kräver ett erkännande i vår studie. 

In the recent couple of years, African countries have conducted a free tradeagreement which will affect the whole African continent. Providing the largestfree trade agreement in history so far in terms of participating countries.AfCFTA provides new conditions and enhancement, aiming for Africa tobecome one single market and boosting intra-African trade. Countries such asKenya, has during recent years made changes and reforms which has enhancedits business environment for companies operating there. In addition, this thesisaims to investigate how the new free trade agreement is affecting KenyanSMEs in the manufacturing sector today, and how it will affect them in thefuture when the free trade agreement is fully implemented. To receive a deeperunderstanding about the subject, a qualitative method and an abductiveapproach have been conducted. Moreover, the theoretical framework derivesfrom internationalization theories commonly used and which benefits from theterms that the free trade agreement holds. The conceptual framework assumesthat international marketers experience different market prerequisites, thus theview of the internationalization process differs from one market to another.Therefore, our empirical findings derive from a multi-case study, whichinvestigate Kenyan manufacturing SMEs possibilities and difficulties tointernationalize on the African continent. The analysis presents the theoreticalframework and the empirical findings in the contrast and relation to each other.Finally, the conclusion chapter provides insights in opportunities anddifficulties still remaining for the AfCFTA to be fully implemented and forKenyan manufacturing SMEs to fully utilize the agreement. Also, limitationsand suggestions for future research is conducted in the chapter. The result ofthis research stipulates that there are still difficulties for Kenyanmanufacturing SMEs to utilize the agreement and that the agreement requirestime to provide a fully functional single market for Africa.