Titel                                   

”Det beror ju på vad man vill lägga i ordet register” Petra Stenkula

En fallstudie av polisens externa kriskommunikation i samband med romregistret

Syfte             

Syftet är att lämna ett bidrag till den svenska forskningen om kriskommunikation men även att bidra till den svenska samhällsdebatten om polisen som en central rättsmyndighet och deras hantering av romregisterkrisen.

Metod          

Via en kvalitativ metod analysers nyheter publicerade på polisens webbplats och polisens presskonferenser utifrån de valda teoretiska ramarna inom ämnet kriskommunikation.

Resultat        

Polisens kriskommunikation framstår som väldigt strategilös, under hela krisen ägnar sig polisen åt                               informationsinsamling för att förstår krisen och få en överblick över situationen men under tiden glömmer                     de den strategiska delen. Polisen är väldigt restriktiv i sin kriskommunikation, på webbplatsen är nyhetspubliceringarna rörande romregistret väldigt korta och konkreta, vissa är rena informationsanvisningar. Polisen förde även en inkonsekvent kriskommunikation, när Rikspolisstyrelsen pratade om analysfil som inte var i fas med lagstiftningen så pratade Skånepolisen om beslut ifrån år 2009 om tillstånd att upprätta den särskilda analysfilen. I sin kriskommunikation använder polisen många olika försvarsstrategier ifrån Corporate Apologia och Image Repair Theory. Strategierna som användes för att upprätthålla image var för många och olika för att uppfattas som trovärdiga medan polisen utförde i teorin en perfekt apologia. Polisen beklagade situationen, berättade om vilka åtgärder som skulle utföras och Justitiekanslern beslutade om kompensation till de drabbade.

Almost 10 years after the attack on World Trade Center Sept. 11 2001, Osama bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2 2011 in Pakistan. How was this event framed by the media with regards to the global war on terror? This study compares two different American newspapers – the New York Times and the New York Daily News – and how they framed the war on terrorism in the Middle East from May 2 to May 15 2011. By analyzing the framing in a perspective of the four functions of framing theory: define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments and suggest remedies, we found considerable differences in each papers frames. Through a qualitative text analysis of the opinion pages in these two newspapers, using three themes as a base, we found a number of differences. While the New York Times contained a form of open discussion about problems and remedies, New York Daily News takes an emotional and moral approach. These differences in content may affect the opinions of the readers. We speculate that the more open and suggestive nature of the New York Times, also opens the minds of the readers enabling them to form opinions in a liberated sense. Thus the more closed, emotional and moral nature of the New York Daily News may have greater impact on an individual’s ability to form its own opinions and moral values.

This thesis addresses how sports can encourage social cohesion amongst youth in Dili, Timor Leste. It is a case study, conducted in Timor Leste and is based on interviews with staff working at organizations that offer sport for peace programs as well as with other interested parties. The sport for peace programs involves youth in and around Dili and were initiated as a peace-building method.

The communication aspect is analyzed through a participatory communication approach. The thesis investigates sports effect on social behavior from a sport pshycology perspective. It brings up both challenges and improvements for the sport for peace programs. The thesis also show the positive aspects of using sports as a tool for social cohesion.

År 2014 kan beskrivas med ordet supervalår. Detta år stod valet till Europaparlamentet och till Sveriges Riksdag, Kommun och Landsting på den samhälleliga agendan.

Politiska kommentatorer är en utmäkande grupp journalister på framväxt som sällan studeras inom medieforskning. Gruppen ökar allt mer i popularitet och därmed ökar även deras gestaltningsmakt. Med detta som grund ter sig ämnet politiska kommentatorers gestaltningsmakt vara ett angeläget och väsentlig område att bidra med forskning till. Problemformuleringen som skapades med denna tanke som grund lyder: Hur väljer politiska kommentatorer att gestalta Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ i text.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur politiska kommentatorer använde sin roll som en av medborgarnas politiska informationskälla med fokus på större delen av supervalåret 2014.

269 artiklar studerades med en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Vidare studerades 40 artiklar av dessa med kvalitativ textanalys bestående av delar ur den semiotiska begreppsapparaten. Empirin utgörs av artiklar författade under 2014-01-01 till 2014-09- 14 av de politiska kommentatorerna: Lena Mellin Aftonbladet, K-G Bergström Expressen, Göran Eriksson Svenska Dagbladet, Ewa Stenberg Dagens Nyheter.

I de fyra politiska kommentatorernas rapportering förekommer det bland annat myter, symboler och metonymer när de gestaltar den politiska sfären. När Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ gestaltas görs detta oftast i stark anknytning till ämnena feminism och invandring. Förutom dessa är ekonomi ett ämne som aär starkt representerat i de studerade texterna. Eftersom den höga frånvaron av andra politiska ämnen är påtaglig när partierna gestaltas så kan partierna uppfattas ha en snäv politik, det vill säga enbart engagera sig i mycket få frågor, som ett resultat av den politiska kommentatorns gestaltning.

Studien visar att de fyra politiska kommentatorerna verkar ha ett liknande sätt att gestalta politiska partier på. Den bild av partiernas politik som publiken blir presenterad för av de politiska kommentatorerna kan dessutom uppfattas som verklighetstrogen eftersom den journalistiska gruppen framstår som en expertkälla inom ämnet politik.

Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ gestaltas som enfrågepartier och avvikande i det svenska politiska klimatet. Tack vare att de politiska kommentatorernas gestaltningsmakt och dagordningsmakt i framingprocessen visar sig vara stark i denna studie har gestaltningen troligtvis stor påverkan på sin publik. 

In the autumn of 2015 a huge amount of refugees were on the run to Sweden. The news media described the situation as a refugee crisis and border controls were initiated. The aim of this study was to examine how two Swedish newspapers, one national and one local, portrayed refugees at the time when the border controls were initiated in Sweden. The questions examined were: How are the refugees portrayed, what are the similarities and differences between Dagens Nyheter and Sydsvenskan’s portrayal of the refugees? To approach this we made two different analysis of reports from each newspaper, three from Dagens Nyheter and two from Sydsvenskan. We did a framing analysis on the text and a semiotic analysis on the pictures.

Findings show that the portrayal of refugees are very similar in both newspapers. The refugees are described as inferior, but at the same time brave, well-educated and hopeful. We also found that refugees often are portrayed as “the others” and the citizens of Sweden are portrayed as “we”. Although the similarities outweighs, we found some interesting differences in the newspapers portrayal of the refugees. For example, in Dagens Nyheter the hopefulness is combined with a positive and joyful approach, while Sydsvenskan describes the hope with an uncertainty and concern about the future.

This study does research on the Swedish media's portraying of an extraordinary crime event in Sweden - the grenades in Malmö 2015. The study focuses on how the media portrays three major participants in the media image: the public, the politicians and the police. The question examined was: How does the media portray the public and the authorities during the grenades in Malmö 2015? I made a framing analysis of 30 news articles from the summer of 2015. The result showed that the public received the role as the victim, where the media image emphasizes on fear from the public. The police received two different images - the safe image where the media emphasizes on the work the police does on preventing crime. The other image was the critical image, where the media emphasized on how the public criticized the police success rate during these incidents. The politicians received a neutral image, where a small amount of critic was portrayed. The results of the analysis diverged from previous studies and theories in the field when it came to the police and the politicians. 

Media has a big impact on our lives and is one of the main channels for people to recieve information. When recieved, the messages creates a meaning for the people that read, hear or see them. In other words, media could be seen as a source for people on how to perceive the world and it gives a certain picture of what is ”normal”. We chose to do this study to get a deeper knowledge of how men and women are being portrayed in a Swedish lifestyle magazine and what messagest that sends out to the readers.

In this study we have examined how men and women are being portrayed in the Swedish magazine Café, both in photographs and in text. We have used qualitative, rhetorical and semiotic methods to detect the differences and similarities in the four articles examined. The theoretical framework in this study is mainly based on Laura Mulveys ”The Male Gaze”, Anja Hirdmans theory about homosociality and Anthony Giddens well-known theory about structuration. Also, we have used radical feminism and Judith Butlers theory ”The Heterosexual Matrix”.

The main findings show clear differences connected to the typical normative ideas that has long existed for the male and female gender. In the articles examined in this study, men are being described as independent and strong with no need to lean on other people to be successfull. Women on the other hand, are being presented as sensitive, dependent and weak sexual objects. According to the articles, they have no capacity to succeed on their own and their role is merely to please and obey the men.

The findings on how the genders are being portrayed, and that men are given the main attention and focus show us that Café doesn´t at all favor the developement for the equality between the two genders. That is an important issue and shows that more research needs to be done within the gender field.

Native advertising is a marketing strategy that aims to merge advertising into journalistic articles. It is a relatively new form of advertising that is rapidly growing and more media companies are applying this kind of content to secure their future revenues.

This study explores the understanding of native advertising and its impact on peoples trust towards today’s online newspapers. The thesis is a qualitative study based on eight interviews with online news consumers. The theoretical perspective in this study is based on research regarding trust, ethos and the struggling media landscape.

Our study shows that native advertising does have influence on the consumer’s perception towards online newspapers. It also shows that the level of confusion between journalistic content and native advertising is noticeable. For some of our respondents it was hard to define whether they were reading an article written by a journalist or a company.  

The aim of the study was to investigate the representation of women’s sports and men’s sports, in the local newspaper Smålänningen. A study I conducted through examining how many articles on men’s sports and how many articles on women’s sports have been published over the last four years. I chose to investigate two months of every year; January and March. I also examined which sports were the most occurring ones.

I used the method of quantitative content analysis to investigate the questions. Through the method I performed an overall analysis of how many articles were written about men’s sports, and how many articles were written about women’s sports in Smålänningen. The result of the quantitative content analysis showed that female athletes are misrepresented and that men’s sports dominates Smålänningens reporting. It also showed that there were more articles written by female journalists than articles based on performances achieved by female athletes. Further, my study showed that the reporting on women’s sports have become more regular in Smålänningen.

According to our results newspapers are in a shift and their future is unclear. The newspapers do not know which marketing strategy they should adopt in order to survive, to start charging for the digital newspaper content is one possible choice. The papers are threatened by the generation that is used to free content because this generation of young people has grown up with newspaper news that are available for free. People are talking less about the elderly and that they also try to find news that are free.

Through a qualitative study with eight interviews with people in the ages 50-60 we try to find what may characterize the respondents news consumption and what it may look like in 10 years. We also examine how the respondents relate to the newspapers.

In conclusion, we found that the respondents are at different stages in their digital use of news. We concluded that the printed paper has a different degree of importance to respondents. Some cannot imagine a life without printed newspapers while others only see advantages in digital news.

For many gay men, media is a crucial component in the process of creating an identity and finding support and guidance. Studies show that gay men are the group in society most strongly effected by the representation in media of societal ideals, and more specifically print media. In the past, gay men have been subjected to heteronormative representations through media of what being a gay man entails, in which he was portrayed as feminine; a process which has lead some gay men to attempt to adhere to a stereotypically masculine identity in order to find a sense of belonging and connection to society. The heterosexual man became a guidepost in this process. Through hegemonic masculinity, the process became problematic as homosexuality was considered less masculine by default, and the gay men were stuck in an identity crisis based in gender-identification and a need to distance themselves from feminine ideals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the construction of masculinity through the representation of heterosexual males in a print media aimed at gay men. Through the work of Erving Goffman and Sut Jhally, a semiotic analysis of 94 images of heterosexual males in 11 issues from 2013 of Attitude Magazine were analyzed for signs of masculinity. The results showed that the heterosexual males portrayed in the magazine were represented as stereotypically masculine, where signs of femininity were subdued by the enforcement of a masculine code. The findings suggest that heterosexual masculinity has a place in gay media and can be problematic, but that the representations also allow for a certain degree of deviation from strict hegemonic masculinity. 

The purpose of this study was to examine how the Swedish sports journalism, tabloids and local newspapers, portrayed the Swedish national football team during the 2018 Russia World Cup and Malmö FF in the 2015/2016 Champions League competition. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sports journalism and nationality. The question formulations to this study were: how does the sports journalism portray the Swedish national team and Malmö FF, and what are the similarities and differences between Aftonbladets and Sydsvenskans portrayal of the teams?

I made a discourse analysis out of twelve chronicles, six from Aftonbladet and six from Sydsvenkan. For each of the three group stage games Sweden played in the World Cup, I analyzed one chronicle from both Aftonbladet and Sydsvenskan. Further, I analyzed one chronicle from Aftonbladet and one from Sydsvenskan for each of the three home games Malmö FF played in the Champions League. It turned out that Aftonbladet portrayed Sweden with a lot of metaphors and wrote about the Swedish national team as if the readers were a part of the team. Aftonbladet had more distance and caution when portraying Malmö FF. With Sydsvenskan it was the contrary. Sydsvenskan portrayed Malmö FF as if they were a part of the team and occasionally seemed to be biased. Sydsvenskan portrayed the Swedish national with more caution, distance and did not portray Sweden with the same empathy as Malmö FF.

Syfte: Få en förståelse kring hur politiker använder sig av retoriska strategier och verktyg för at.t förmedla ett budskap.

Metod Kvalitativa retoriska analyser av ett tal vardera från fem socialdemokratiska partiledare.

Resultat: Huvuddrag från resultatet är att samtliga politiker tenderar att använda sig av retoriska verktyg så som ethos, logos, pathos samt av retoriska stilfigurer så som metaforer samt anaforer. I många situationer använder politikerna de retoriska verktygen för att antingen styrka sitt argument eller för att lyfta fram en fråga som de vill belysa.

Slutsats: Det går genom denna undersökning att konstatera att det finns retoriska verktyg som tenderar till att återkomma i socialdemokratiska partiledares tal. De mest använda retoriska verktygen är ethos, logos samt pathos. Även de retoriska stilfigurerna metaforer samt anaforer har varit återkommande verktyg hos politikerna

In October 2006 the media began investigating the four ministers Billström, Borg, Borelius and Stegö Chilò who were all being accused of miner tax fraud. The two women, Stegö Chilò and Borelius became the primary victims of an extensive media hunt where the media already had made their minds up; the women had to go. The more the women tried to explain themselves, they only seemed to be digging themselves into a deeper hole and ten days into the “hunt”, the media got their way, the women resigned while the men, even today remain on their positions. What was it then that made the outcome so different regarding the four ministers when the only thing to really set them apart was their genders?

With support of theories from Giddens, Habermas and Thompson as well as theories regarding media, gender and the medias ethical responsibility we have in a qualitatively narrative analysis studied 20 articles from Dagens Nyheter and Expressen. This contributed to the discovery of how men and women in these articles are presented within different power structures, gender representations, themes and roles. We also found that the two Newspapers, in the witch-hunt that took place, failed in their responsibility toward society when they ignored the relevant news reports in favor of an entertaining tale of responsible men and immoral women.

The aim of the study is to examine how feminist activists in Sweden observe and talk about social problems related to feminism to resist existing power discourses. The questions examined is: What stereotypical portrayals of women were noticed by feminist activists in the podcast ‘Penntricket’?; in which manner does the feminist activists talk of these stereotypical portrayals in order to resist existing power discourses?

A critical discourse analysis was carried out on six chosen parts of the podcast Penntricket where the hosts talked about stereotypical portrayals of women and how to resist existing power discourses.

The results of the study demonstrates that the feminist activists observed and talked about three stereotypic portrayals of women; ‘the responsible mother’; how ‘the woman is expected to have children’ and ‘the attractive woman’. The resistance differed within the stereotypic portrayals of women. The feminist activists resistance of the stereotypic portrayal of ‘the responsible mother’ was to make the unequal parenting visible. In resisting the stereotypic portrayals of how ‘the woman is expected to have children’ the feminist activists talked about the importance of opening up for more acceptable categories for women who does not desire to have children. The feminist activists resistance of the stereotypic portrayals of ‘the attractive women’ was to make visible that mothers manners can affect their daughters and make visible what happens when women give each other compliment for their looks. 

The purpose of this study was to illustrate how the Swedish tabloid press construct their

sports sections front pages and what they present on these pages. A second purpose, and

by the first following, was to investigate the items these newspapers offer the audience

to add to their daily agendas. The aim to show a bigger picture of the front pages

content was reached by implementing a content analysis of 196 front pages from the

two largest tabloid newspapers in Sweden, Aftonbladet and Expressen, during a period

of four years. The study examined 98 items per newspaper and since the aim was to

examine sports journalism the units were chosen from the two newspapers sports

sections, Sportbladet and SportExpressen. The great conclusions that were made during

this process were the differences in between genders, the dominating sports and what

big part sponsors have in sports. The most common front page shows a Swedish man

playing football in the age between 20-35. A less common page is woman, playing any

sport. She is only found on nine of a hundred front pages. As in the case of men,

football is the dominating sport in Swedish tabloid press. On second place we found ice

hockey. What we also could find was the big part sponsors have in sports. We saw the

logos of sponsors on every second front page.

The aim of my study was to examine how orthorexia is constructed in the Swedish tabloids. The main question examined was in what way the Swedish tabloids contributes to define orthorexia as a social problem. But in order to answer this I also had to make up a couple of smaller questions which was; what in the texts helps to understand orthorexia as something dangerous and something that poses a health risk, what in the texts produces orthorexia as a new and growing eating disorder and which stereotypes are to be found of the ones that are sick. 

Using a discourse analysis of six news articles from the two biggest tabloids in Sweden, showed three different themes; the new and dangerous disease, a problem and stereotypes. By using the framing theory two various frames of orthorexia was found. These were a new type of eating disorder that framed orthorexia as a quite unknown disorder and which to begin with was questioned as an eating disorder and said just to be a trend. But also when healthy become unhealthy that framed orthorexia as a dangerous disorder that in the most extreme cases could lead to death. Orthorexia is in this frame descried as something wrong. Using the framing theory three different stereotypes showed. These were; the trendorthorectic, the elite athlete who became ill and the one with the thought full of obsessions. The first of the three stereotypes is the most modern and takes healthy to its most extreme. The second one is driven by a hang-up on the well-trained body that it ones had. And finally, the third one is the stereotype that best matches how the tabloids frame orthorexia. It also the most of extreme of the three stereotypes. Unlike the other stereotypes this one is driven by obsessive thoughts about both health, exercise and food. 

My study shows that orthorexia is defined as when something healthy become unhealthy and is framed as something both dangerous and wrong in the Swedish tabloids. The tabloids help to understand orthorexia as an accepted eating disorder and is constructed as a social problem that we have to do something about.

Journalists have their code of ethics to consider while writing and pubishing texts. Unlike journalists, bloggers do not have such ethical codes to approach. As a result of the technical explosion and the Internet, blogs have become a large phenomenon in our society and are being read by a large number of people, mainly young women, every day. The media society and also the media modality has changed as an outgrowth of this. However, bloggers still affect people and they sometimes have a larger audience than a newspaper, so the question is how they think of media ethics.

The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate how female bloggers think of their ethical responsibility towards their audience and also how they think of ethics within the over all blogosphere. The investigation is based on eight semi-structured interviews with female bloggers that has been analysed by using media ethics theory. 

The results of this examination shows that female bloggers think ethically towards their auidence in terms of credibility, reliability and honesty. Moreover, common sense is something to bring online as well, and in fact the differences should not be to big between online and offline behaviour. The outcomes also indicate that it favours you as a blogger to think ethical to be able to keep up a good relation to the audience. This is something that has changed over time. Today bloggers seem to be influenced more and more from journalists than they used to back when the weblog first came. Codes of ethic seem to be important to the respondees, but an agreement about the design of them still appears to be left to the future. 

The media industry, and especially the news, in Sweden is living in a dark world that seems to get even darker by the minute. According to Nordicom (2013) the number of readers in the ages 15-24 has dropped by 24 percentage points between 2007 and 2012. This is a big problem for the news industry, but also for democracy that require citizens that are well-read and know what is going on in society. Enda and Mitchel (2013) found that 65% of people in the USA have stopped reading a certain news source since it no longer fits their needs. Maybe with a better understanding for young adults needs this trend can change.

This qualitative study was conducted using interviews with eight respondents to find out why young adults who study at a university consume news. The main research questions were 1) how does interests affect news consumption, 2) how does social relationships affect news consumption and 3) what affects the choice of news media.

Interests seem to affect news consumption when it comes to what kind of news you take part of, but it doesn't affect how much you consume. Social relationships also appears to affect news consumption and in different ways depending on what social context these young adults are in. What seems to affect the choice of news media the most is the possibility to be able to choose what kind of news you want to take part of along with a good outline of what's going on in the world.

India experienced huge media coverage from all over the world associated with the Nirbhaya-case in 2012, when a young middleclass girl was brutally raped in a bus by five men in Delhi. After this horrifying incident a lot of demonstrations followed all over India. Women in the urban areas was arguing for the same rights as men and was standing up for a more equal society where everybody is able to live as freely as someone else, no matter what gender you was born with.

This study aim to examine what experiences, perceptions and opinions Indian journalists in English written press have of their reality from a gender perspective. We wanted to know how and when Indian journalist represent women and if there is a certain way of thinking about representation of women in the media content. In interviews with a total of eleven journalists and ethnographic observations in two of India’s largest cities we tried to examine the structures and perceptions that influenced the journalist’s worldview and thus also the messages that appears in the news. By using the theory of structuration, agenda setting, performativity and intersectionality we examined what structures that the journalists live and operates within and how this is affecting the media content. 

This study looks into the field of intercultural miscommunication and misunderstandings on

small multicultural Non Profit Organization (NPO) seen from the expats point of view. It is

a study based on a qualitative method-design, including a micro-ethnographic study and

qualitative interviews on a small NPO on Bali, Indonesia called Project Clean Uluwatu

(PCU) that contain volunteers from all over the world. These misunderstandings and

miscommunications that occurred on PCU was mostly between local people born on Bali

and foreign people working on PCU, due to many reasons, starting with the rapid pace of

globalization and that culture don’t evolve in the same speed. Plausible explanations for

this, that are raised in this thesis, is that people make sense of events in different ways,

especially if the individuals within a misunderstanding belong to both a high context culture

and a low context culture and aby that communicate in different ways. This thesis also

explain them through Karl Wieck’s sensemaking perspective by applying 7 properties that

describes how individuals make sense out of miscommunication by perceiving the event in

different ways due to individuals former knowledge, their intentions and own identity.

The purpose of this study was to examine the foreign news flow in Sweden´s largest news agency TT. Since TT has an important position as a news provider to most of Sweden´s local and national news outlets, it was important to examine exactly what their news stories consisted of.

The theoretical background of this study consist of theories of news values, agenda setting, dependency theory and the theory about the “news shadow” a lack of coverage leads to.

In our quantitative study we have looked at 506 articles taken from the TT news flow during two weeks In November 2013. We have studied which continents and countries the news origins from, who have supplied the text, the topics of the news, which one gets to speak in the text and what general tone the story has.

The study shows that the supply of news follows the criteria of news values. It also shows that in some regions of the world the coverage is almost nonexistent. Because of this a media shadow has been cast over regions that have little relationship with Sweden. It also shows that TT depends on other international news agencies for a lot of their foreign news. And that the news is elite centered. Furthermore the study shows that negative news stories are the most common ones. And that more negative news spread from third world countries.

The purpose of our study was to examine how the newspaper Aftonbladet reported about the murder of Kim Wall. The questions in focus were; how are Kim Wall and Peter Madsen being represented in Aftonbladet? And how are the representation of them changing throughout time? In the study we have made a discourse analysis where eleven news articles were analysed. The result is presented in themes of discourses constructed of Wall and Madsen in Aftonbladet. Our results showed that Kim Wall was represented as a helpless woman, a brave journalist and an invisible individual. Peter Madsen was represented as a talented inventor, a cold-hearted monster and a crazy man. The results also showed that the tabloid journalism Aftonbladet had about the murder of Kim Wall were in a sensational and detailed way. 

The purpose of this study is to investigate two Handelsbanken offices and how they work in similar ways when dealing with internal communication. The goal is to answer if and in what way the managers` and the employes perceive their internal communication at the two bank officies. By a comparation between the two decentralisized officies the aim is also to study what differences and/or similarities that exists in internal communications?

Are managers and employees satisfied with the communication that flows in the organization? I find it interesting to investigate in wheather there exist a similarity in the internal communication between the managers and the employees since it is a decentralized organization.

I have made five semi-structured interviews with two managers at two different Handelsbanken offices. Additionally two interviews with two employes at one of the offices and also one interview at the other Handelsbanken office.

By the study I have found that all respondents have a positive impression according the internal communication. Both managers and employees in the offices have an effective cooperation, and also promotes an open environment where they have a good communication between each other all the time.

This essay is about commercialization as a concept and expression in journalism, since there is a concern that what sells is what have been put on the agenda. 

Journalisms main purpose is to provide citizens with an insight into the world beyond their own experiences and give people a social perspective. Commercial materials are often available in many different media, some people say that the commercialization threaten democracy and impair quality journalism.  

As more people choose to consume and read the newspaper over the weekend the purpose of this essay is to examine if the commercialization increased in the newspaper Aftonbladet during weekends / holidays, and to investigate how much the commercialization takes place in the newspaper. We also wanted to see which news topic that permeated the newspaper. Through a quantitative content analysis we investigated the empirical material gathered during 14 days (230415-060515) of the daily press Aftonbladet, where the advertisements and articles were analyzed units. Altogether, it became 1115 units of analysis that showed that the commercialization increased by 6% during weekends / holidays. The survey also showed that the newspaper Aftonbladet consists of nearly half commercialization and the news topic entertainment and ads were the dominant subjects. With agenda setting theory and priming we were able to analyze and discuss what was found.

Sociala medier och public relations kan vara effektiva verktyg i festivalers strategiska kommunikationsarbete. För att kunna skapa en dialog och upprätthålla en relation till sin publik använder arrangörerna ett antal tekniker och PR- strategier. Undersökningen visar hur dessa strategier används och hur de fyller ett antal funktioner för de båda aktörerna. Bland annat ser vi hur publiken låter sig ”utnyttjas” i festivalernas PR-arbete men samtidigt tycker det är värt det genom att vara sociala på festivalernas sociala medie- kanaler. 

Our society has become increasingly digitized, and all around us information flows constantly. Knowledge about valuing different sources of information, and not least the information itself, are becoming increasingly important. Media and information have come to play a big role in our society, and knowledge of media and information literacy becomes important to learn in school. High school students are at the beginning of their adult lives as educated citizens.

In this study, we measured high school students experience of media and information literacy, during their three years in high school. Students answered a questionnaire, with questions based upon theoretical concepts in media and information literacy. We chose to focus on high school students as a homogeneous group and not make comparisons between different programs. Everyone is equal before the Education Act.

We had preconceived ideas about the outcome, we thought it would turn out that school education regarding media and information literacy had been insufficient, but in many cases those ideas proved to be incorrect. It turned out that high school students may have considerably more knowledge in media and information literacy than we first thought.

This study is focusing on how local journalists in the Kalmar area in Sweden contemplate and take stand when they use social media in their work. With how much caution do they approach social media, and where do they draw the line between private and public information?

This study is based on theories about the public sphere, journalistic ethics and citizen journalism. We did a survey with journalists in the Kalmar area who works with newspaper, television and radio. The result shows that most journalists consider information from social media to be public and that a large amount of journalists think that it is legitimate to use that information in their work. It also shows that reliability is the most important considerations for journalists when they search for and use social media in their work. 

Informations- och kommunikationsteknik (IKT) är det som vi använder dagligen när vi pratar i telefon, skriver sms eller kollar på tv. Vardagen idag kantas av de konstanta informationsflödena vi får från olika håll och som gör att vi domesticerar vår kulturella syn på hushållet och familjen. Genom att det tekniska inte längre bara är en sak i ditt hem, utan att det nu även inkluderar de tekniska hjälpmedel som används för att kommunicera med familjen,både i och utanför hushållet. Detta information- och kommunikationssamhälle ökar inte bara tillgängligheten för vänner och familj, det ökar även tillgängligheten för arbetslivet. Hur ser utvecklingen inom IKT ut för dem som är timanställda? Denna uppsats kommer att redovisa och försöka klargöra hur utvecklingen och attityden mot IKT genom nio stycken personintervjuer med timanställda. Resultatet av uppsatsen visar på att respondenterna använder sig dagligen utav IKT och att de tycker att användandet av IKT för att bli bokad på jobb fungerar.

This report shows a qualitative study on how six young adults in the ages between 20-30 who are students at Linnaeus University in Kalmar percieve their news consumption habits and their use of news media on digital platforms. The aim of the study is to examine whether the six students feel the strogest connection with the press where they were raised or where they currently live, why they choose to use the media platforms they do and what meaning the use of the media bare to the students. We have seen a lack of information concerning why young people choose to consume news online instead of in printed media.

The study is focused on theories concerning what affects people in their choice of media platforms and channels. This report shows that geographic nature, the quality of the content and which political ideology the daily press is founded on does not affect the respondents choice of media. Our study shows that the most important factor for the respondents is that the platform is easily accesssible and flexible. We can also see that the dissapering of the printed newspaper is connected to generations and techonology. 

Our study asks the question: How do people, randomly chosen within the Swedish culture, interpret two international, promotional movies from two of the largest brands in the energy drink industry; Red Bull and Monster Energy. Specifically, we are looking to identify how culturally characterized attitudes and values are embedd- ed within the interpretation. How different signs within the promotional movies are given specific meanings by the interviewee, based on the socially acquired para- digm. Through six (6) qualitative interviews, we study the reception of the movies with the goal of receiving a deeper interpretation were values and attitudes are evi- dent. Using Stuart Hall’s theory about preferred reading we could then structure the identified culturally characterized values and attitudes in what Hall calls dominant, negotiating and opposing interpretations. This study shows how culturally charac- terized affective values and attitudes are reflected in the interpretation made from Red Bull and Monster Energy's two promotional movies. It also manages to show how the dominant paradigm has an impact on both the text and the interpretation. 

Worldwide result over internetusers show that Sweden internet users comes at third place. The technological development has been explosive. Individuals can with the help of technology live some, in other cases all their social lifes through social media. Therefore organizations has a lot to gain by using social media to interact and start up dialogue with their audicence. There are different views whether a civic society has developed on internet or not. The focus in our thesis has been on NGO’s, if and how they choose to communicate with their audience on Facebook. The NGO’s in question was WWF, The Red Cross, UNICEF and Greenpeace. Our purpose with our thesis was to examine the communication on Facebook and what phraseology the organizations used on Facebook.

We have done this thesis through our theoretical framework with a Habermasian overhaul, further with Web 2.0, PR 2.0 and interactivity. With quantitative and qualitative methods we examined how the organizations used interactivity and if they opened up to a dialogue with their audience.

Our main findings was that the organizations didn’t use interactivity or opened up to a dialogue on Facebook. WWF was the organization that used interactivity and tried to start a dialogue. The organizations language was often casual and sometimes even personal. This suggests that social media has changed parts of the language organization can use on social media. The discussion whether social media is a new place for civic conversations and what role organizations and corportation can and should play is a discussion in time. Further academic research could focus on how NGO’s use different kinds of social media, also how the audience feel and think regarding interaction and dialogue on social media. These are questions that needs to be further explored.

The aim of this study was to examine how the Swedish teenage and womens magazine Frida represents young men in texts as well as in the associated images. By men, meant the ones Frida refers to as he. The questions examined were: How are the young men represented in the texts and associated images in the magazine Frida 2017? How is the relationship between the represented men and the readers constructed? To approach this we made a critical discourse analysis according to Fairclough of 55 texts, long as well as short, from the four issues of Frida from 2017, all including men who either say something or who Frida writes about. The conclusion says that the man who is represented is a sexually active person with a successful career, all through an actor or musician. The man is formed in the images to be desirable for the readers, by having eye contact with her. The reader is offered to fantasize about him as a future partner. The man also possesses a lot of knowledge and experience about love and the keys to a happy life. The magazine is highlighting attributes that the readers can identify with. Frida emphasizes how the man is someone to aspire to and seek approval from.

The aim of this study was to examine discourses of two terror attacks conducted in Ankara and Paris and how they were represented in Swedish news media. By analysing the identified discourses the study investigated if the discourses constructed subjects as “we” and “otherness”, which means this study’s aim was to uncover ideological representations. The study examines a total of 16 articles. Critical discourse analysis constitutes the study’s methodological framework, combined with Michel Foucault’s perspective on discourse and how they regulate the construction of reality. The results show that the postcolonial discourse is reproduced and constructs “us” as a western society, whereas Turkey is not included and is therefore constructed as “the other”. The representations in Swedish news media regarding the reporting of the attacks in Paris offer identification for the reader, meanwhile Turkey is marginalized and constructed negatively as a country. 

The aim with this bachelor thesis was to gain a greater understanding for the power media holds in today’s society. To approach this we used a quantitative content analysis, were we analyzed 102 articles from Swedish printing press. This was made to be able to say something about how the media har created a hype around Fifty Shades as a phenomenon, and also to illustrate how Fifty Shades depiction of BDSM has been framed in the news coverage. We used the framing theory and the theory of media hype to reach the resulte that showed that media has created a hype around Fifty Shades. This indicate that the framing of the phenomenon has changed. 

This study aims to investigate how the swedish newspaper Aftonbladet frame terrorist attacks, depending on if the attack took place in the West or the East. Aftonbladet is one of the largest digital news media in Sweden with a large reader base, and was used to gain an understanding of how framing could affect the Swedish reader’s perception of the West and the East in conjunction with terrorism. The study used a critical discourse analysis to investigate four different terrorist attacks, namely four different news articles. Two of these attacks took place in the West; Manchester and Brussels, and two in the East; Kabul and Baghdad.

The analysis showed that the different attacks were framed in different ways, were the articles for the attacks in the East showed signs of orientalism and “othering”, which according to previous studies could lead to “islamophobia” and a division between cultures. This study showed that a stereotypic way of thinking still exist in a post-colonial society and is deeply rooted, even in one of Sweden's largest digital news media, Aftonbladet.

The purpose with this study was to find out about the perception of a couple of individuals regarding the feature of gender in lifestyle magazines. This is a qualitative journalistic study with focus on gender, lifestyle magazines and reception.

One of our main questions was to find out about our respondents opinion concerning the content through a gender perspective. We were also interested in their thoughts about their own consciousness and others regarding the representation of gender in lifestyle magazines and how they think that their interpretation of male and female features in lifestyle magazines may shape their lives.

In our study we chose to interview eight (8) people. We had a qualitative approach and an open structure regarding the questions during the interviews. Almost all of them took place in Kalmar and a few of them on Skype. To get our respondents to understand our definition of lifestyle magazines we chose to provide them with six (6) articles from the swedish lifestyle magazines Solo and Café, three (3) from each.

The results of the study show that our respondents over all seemed to be conscious readers according to themselves. At the same time they thought that other readers besides themselves did not question how gender were presented in the magazines and therefore contributed to the gender structure in society. According to our respondents one of the main reasons for applying both content and values of the magazines seems to be driven by the age of the reader. Something that we thought was quite interesting, especially considering that almost all of them brought up this subject.

We are hoping this study will contribute to the research about gender and in particular regarding lifestyle magazines and to inspire others to take interest in further studies about gender.

Den omfattande globaliseringen som sker i världen har givit upphov till stora förändringar för världens organisationer. Den ständigt växande konkurrensen som kommer därav ökar kraven på en fungerande internkommunikation samt betydelsen av att de interna kommunikationskanalerna utnyttjas så effektivt som möjligt. Samtidigt krävs långtgående hänsynstaganden gällande alla organisationens medlemmar då utveckling av internkommunikationens struktur och strategi genomförs.  

I detta examensarbete används teorierna “Uses and gratifications”, “Dependency theory” och ”Social information processing theory”. Teorierna används med målsättning att beskriva de mest framträdande dragen i den interna kommunikationsutövningen i en organisation och vidare för att undersöka hur denna utövning överensstämmer med de förväntningar och användningsmönster som kan utrönas bland de anställda.

Med utgångspunkt i tidigare forskning inom ämnet framkommer vikten av att utföra studien från ett användarperspektiv i en organisation som bedriver industriell produktion såväl som kontorsarbete. Skillnader mellan dessa olika grupper i fråga om upplevelser och förväntningar inkluderades också i undersökningen.          

Studien genomfördes på ett teknologiföretag i södra Sverige i ett skede där lansering av en ny intranät-portal väntade. Det empiriska materialet erhölls genom utförande av sju fokusgruppsintervjuer. Totalt deltog 28 personer i dessa fokusgrupper.

Resultatet visade på många tillgängliga interna kommunikationskanaler samtidigt som det synliggjorde en upplevd avsaknad av en tydlig strategi och en utsedd koordinator som ansvarar för den interna kommunikationen. 

Från ett medarbetarperspektiv karaktäriseras den generella internkommunikationen av inkonsekvens, otillförlitlighet och godtycklighet. Olika typer av strategier för att tillfredsställa specifika behov kunde identifieras såväl som långtgående beroenden av vissa informationskanaler för att få information. Kollaborationsplattformar som en integrerad del av intranätet mötte motsägelsefulla åsikter och visar på att de anställda både önskar och fruktar det fria ordet i organisationskommunikativa sammanhang. De interna kommunikationskanalsera måste struktureras och samköras för att ge alla organisationsmedlemmar möjlighet att tillfredställa sina informations- och kommunikationsbehov. 

This study investigates and maps out sociocultural groups in american sitcoms over two decades, the 1990s and 2010s. It also examines whether characters were portrayed in different stereotypes and how and if the male gaze occurs. All this was done through an intersectional perspective. A total of 30 sitcoms, 15 per decade, were examined by a quantitative content analysis. There was 168 characters coded in the sitcoms from the 1990s and 200 characters in the sitcoms from the 2010s, which make a total of 368 coded characters. Key findings showed that sitcoms in the 2010s had more diversity among ethnicity and sexuality compared to sitcoms in the 1990s. Yet caucasian and heterosexueal people were still overrepresented. More men were represented in both 1990s and 2010s sitcoms, but major roles were divided equally between men and women in 2010s american sitcoms. Compared to other studies, surprisingly little sexualization of women occured in the selection of american sitcoms. None of the 368 characters that were coded had any disabilities and very few older and retired people were represented.

How do the Swedish police get represented in news media and how does that representation differentiate from other media channels where the police have full control over what is said? Through a discourse analysis of news texts and extracts from the police own webpage and Facebook page, we claim that the discourse in newspapers and the discourse on the webpage and Facebook page is pretty much the same, only packaged differently.

The radio is a medium we often listen to whilst doing something else. We wake up, do the dishes, cook or drive to work. Radio as a medium reaches many people, regardless of whether it is through conscious or unconscious listening. We thereby thought it was an important medium to scrutinize in our study. The focus of our study is on the gender representation in P3 Nyheters broadcasts. We scrutinize the representation of gender as well as looking at potential differences in the way men and women are heard.

The theoretical frame of reference of the study is primarily based on the agenda-setting theory, which is built on the notion that the media is involved in deciding what subjects we have opinions about, since these subjects are often the ones highlighted by the media. The gender perspective with its theses concerning homosexuality, the masculine norm and the gender stereotypic contract is another theoretic source that the study is based upon. We are also utilizing the theses of hard and soft news to emphasize who gets to talk about what in regards to what is traditionally perceived as feminine and masculine.

The results show in a comprehensive way that the stereotypic genders that were created during the ancient time, still remain. Women usually have their say regarding unenlightened public opinion, consumer, neighbor, mother or wife of the man the story is really concerning. The men on the other hand have their say in topics where they get to shine in matters seen as of political relevance and importance to society. The women are under-represented and are portrayed as victims while the men are over-represented and are perceived as experts, which contribute to enhancing stereotypic genders with the masculine norm within the power center of society. The studied material clearly shows signs that P3 Nyheter is far from equal in regards to gender representation, hence, we believe that representation of gender in media is a field that demands more research in order to change or break the masculine norms of the mediasphere.

Historically, men have always had a superior position over women, which has been

portrayed in all kinds of media representations. Visual communication is an important

part of our daily life since the reality is reflected through images. The development of

the Web has led to increased interaction opportunities, and new ways to communicate,

mainly through pictures. Politicians have embraced this and use social media as a part

of their daily work. They also use social media to portray themselves from a more

personal angle, which has created a higher interest for their personal life. Therefore this

study aimed to examine how a group of high ranked Swedish politicians portray

themselves on the social media Instagram, with focus on gender. Furthermore this study

aimed to explore and analyse how their representation relate to traditional gender roles.

The study was conducted by analysing images. Twenty qualitative, semiotic analysis

were made. Five analysis from each politician have contributed to the empirical

material. The results showed that gender roles portrayed on Instagram is not traditional

to its nature. Instead we found new patterns which showed similarities between how the

examined men and women portrayed themselves. The results also indicated that

traditional gender stereotypes are not applicable to this group, as they portray

themselves from a more diverse angle.

The purpose of this study is to examine discussions on the Swedish internet forum “Flashback” regarding female body hair and the cultural norms that surround it. The discussion is centered around a broadcasted event in which a woman’s hairy armpit was incidentally shown, with a lot of viral hate as a result. Our purpose with this study is to get a deeper insight into viral hate towards women who challenge gender norms. This led us to analyse part of a thread detailing the event. Through critical discourse analysis we identified four themes that were common in the discussions regarding female body hair: personal attacks on the woman, defending her or questioning the purpose of the thread, debates for and against societal norms and body ideals, and hypocritical double standards. By using media and communication perspectives on gender and norms, as well as structuration and homosocial theories, we identified power structures that were present both in the thread and in the whole of the internet forum. Our hope is that this study will aid in further research into how hate is communicated on the internet and gender norms in particular.

The purpose of the study was to examine how Sweden’s two biggest tabloids, Aftonbladet and Expressen, frame spectacular crime and specifically how they covered the Helicopter robbery that occurred in 2009. We identified three main participants in the story, the police, the culprits and the victims. We examined how much and what kind of space the identified participants were given and how the two newspapers constructed the participants in a dramaturgic sense.

Using a quantitative content analysis method we found that the time period included 433 articles in both newspapers. From the original articles, we picked and examined 19 articles with a qualitative content analysis method and also used framing theory in order to be able to examine how the participants were portrayed in Aftonbladet and Expressen.

The culprits were given far most space in both Aftonbladet and Expressen. The study show that the police was given second most space and that the victims were hardly ever written about at all, in contrast to recent studies showing that victims of crime often are depicted as the main character in articles regarding crime. The results also show that the story as a whole carried a lot of resemblance to the classic Hollywood movie plot. The police were portrayed as incompetent, creating a conflict within the justice system community. The culprits were portrayed as the protagonist of the story with highly competent features, whilst the victims were portrayed as scared and helpless.