Titel                                   

”Det beror ju på vad man vill lägga i ordet register” Petra Stenkula

En fallstudie av polisens externa kriskommunikation i samband med romregistret

Syfte             

Syftet är att lämna ett bidrag till den svenska forskningen om kriskommunikation men även att bidra till den svenska samhällsdebatten om polisen som en central rättsmyndighet och deras hantering av romregisterkrisen.

Metod          

Via en kvalitativ metod analysers nyheter publicerade på polisens webbplats och polisens presskonferenser utifrån de valda teoretiska ramarna inom ämnet kriskommunikation.

Resultat        

Polisens kriskommunikation framstår som väldigt strategilös, under hela krisen ägnar sig polisen åt                               informationsinsamling för att förstår krisen och få en överblick över situationen men under tiden glömmer                     de den strategiska delen. Polisen är väldigt restriktiv i sin kriskommunikation, på webbplatsen är nyhetspubliceringarna rörande romregistret väldigt korta och konkreta, vissa är rena informationsanvisningar. Polisen förde även en inkonsekvent kriskommunikation, när Rikspolisstyrelsen pratade om analysfil som inte var i fas med lagstiftningen så pratade Skånepolisen om beslut ifrån år 2009 om tillstånd att upprätta den särskilda analysfilen. I sin kriskommunikation använder polisen många olika försvarsstrategier ifrån Corporate Apologia och Image Repair Theory. Strategierna som användes för att upprätthålla image var för många och olika för att uppfattas som trovärdiga medan polisen utförde i teorin en perfekt apologia. Polisen beklagade situationen, berättade om vilka åtgärder som skulle utföras och Justitiekanslern beslutade om kompensation till de drabbade.

The purpose of this qualitative content analysis is to investigate how stereotypes, stigmatization and trivialization around psychological disorders, more specifically around people with dissociative identity disorder, are maintained through representation in films and how the representation differs within two different film genres, horror and comedy films. With the films Me, myself & Irene and Hide and Seek as the basis for the analysis and by using the theoretical concepts of representation, stigma and trivialization, an analysis scheme was applied to sequences from the material, which, through the semiotic analysis tools denotation and connotation, were used to answer the study's research questions. The results showed that both films maintained stigmatizing and/or trivializing depictions of dissociative identity disorder but that they differed in their way of portraying the disorder. These approaches lead to different perceptions of the disorder but have similar real-life consequences.

Almost 10 years after the attack on World Trade Center Sept. 11 2001, Osama bin Laden was shot and killed on May 2 2011 in Pakistan. How was this event framed by the media with regards to the global war on terror? This study compares two different American newspapers – the New York Times and the New York Daily News – and how they framed the war on terrorism in the Middle East from May 2 to May 15 2011. By analyzing the framing in a perspective of the four functions of framing theory: define problems, diagnose causes, make moral judgments and suggest remedies, we found considerable differences in each papers frames. Through a qualitative text analysis of the opinion pages in these two newspapers, using three themes as a base, we found a number of differences. While the New York Times contained a form of open discussion about problems and remedies, New York Daily News takes an emotional and moral approach. These differences in content may affect the opinions of the readers. We speculate that the more open and suggestive nature of the New York Times, also opens the minds of the readers enabling them to form opinions in a liberated sense. Thus the more closed, emotional and moral nature of the New York Daily News may have greater impact on an individual’s ability to form its own opinions and moral values.

This thesis addresses how sports can encourage social cohesion amongst youth in Dili, Timor Leste. It is a case study, conducted in Timor Leste and is based on interviews with staff working at organizations that offer sport for peace programs as well as with other interested parties. The sport for peace programs involves youth in and around Dili and were initiated as a peace-building method.

The communication aspect is analyzed through a participatory communication approach. The thesis investigates sports effect on social behavior from a sport pshycology perspective. It brings up both challenges and improvements for the sport for peace programs. The thesis also show the positive aspects of using sports as a tool for social cohesion.

Journalism has changed in many ways in today's society. The emergence of digitization has created a new format for journalists to work on. Social media is an example of that and one of the largest reasons for the development that has taken place. Today´s journalists must work at a high speed to produce as much news as possible but especially know how to use social media platforms to reach out and attract an audience both for private use and at work. For journalists social media is a way to create interaction and participation. Journalists get the opportunity to be personal and create their own branding in the text.But where does the limit go from being objective and personal? Can it harm the journalists credibility and the ideal concept objectivite if they expose personal opinions and emotions?In this study six journalist from three huge swedish news media – Svenska Dagbladet (SvD), Aftonbladet och SVT has been chosen whose purpose is to examined the balance between being personal and objective as a journalist on social media that proceeds from the questions:

1. In what way does six professional journalist from Svenska dagbladet (SvD), Aftonbladet och SVT use social media platforms in their work respectively in their personal life?2. In what way do interviewees feel that social media can influence the role of the journalist?

The results show that these journalists have similar answers and opinions about how they use social media platforms for personal use and at work. They said that not a day goes by without them using social media. The majority also said that social media can iibe useful for their daily work and to build a relationship with the audience because it can create trust among them. Although they can see a potential danger for the journalists occupation. Therefore the results show that the journalist thinks it's hard to know where the border goes, and as a reason for that they often say that every newsroom does not have a unified approach to the situation. 

The purpose of this study is to examine how FIFA and Amnesty portray the football World Cup in Qatar 2022 differently on their respective Twitter accounts. For context, the topic regarding Qatar being granted to host the World Cup has been a heated discussion ever since its inception in 2010 when FIFA officially announced it for the first time. Common arguments against the decision were usually about Qatar not having any prior record of a “football culture” as well as there being accusations of them buying their way into becoming a host nation. Qatar later also came under fire after sources showed evidence that the country imposed “slave-like” conditions on migrant workers building their cities and football arenas, with reports estimating 6,500 migrant worker deaths in the country since 2010. Knowing this information surrounding the World Cup 2022, this study aims to quantitatively analyse the differences in content and framings published on Twitter by FIFA, the organization running the event, and Amnesty, a non-governmental organization focused on human rights. Framing theory and agenda-setting theory were used as tools to examine 150 tweets under the time period spanning from December 2, 2010 to November 20, 2022. The findings of the analysis show dominatingly negative tweets from Amnesty regarding the World Cup, whereas FIFA have remained neutral but mostly positive. The results of the analysis also show signs of sportswashing being a contributing factor in the different framings of the World Cup between the accounts.

The MeToo movement has played a huge role in the society and the issue around gender equality around the world. 2017 the movement spread in USA due to women in the movie- and entertainment business speaking up about sexual harassements made by the Hollywood producer Harvey Weinstein. The hashtag #MeToo spread quickly around the world and came to Sweden in the fall the same year which contributed to the debate about women’s equal rights in society. The aim of this qualitative study is, with a cirital discourse analysis (CDA), to see how the rape victims and their perpetrators constructs in Sweden’s biggest evening news media, Aftonbladet, before (2013) and after the movement's upturn (2021). This study only tends to see how the female rape victims and the male pertpetrators are constructed, this due to statistics showing that woman are most often falling victims of rape and that their perpetrators are most often men (Brottsförebygganderådet [BRÅ], 2020). The study has found several discourses, for instance that the rape victims often are constructed as ideal victims or gets blamed for the rape. The victim blaming often constructes with rapemyths, which can be connected with an ideology of rapeculture. In one specific case there has been found an ideology of feminism, where the text explicitly and implicitly speaks about the womens right and the patrialchal structure in the society. The perpetrators on the other hand are often constructed as either regretful, sympathetic or as a beast. There has been found unequal power relations where the perpetrator is most likely to be constructed as the most powerful actor. On the other hand no differences in the construction of the victim or the perpetrator have been found during the two years, before and after the movement.

The studied phenomenon is that of police brutality against African Americans, along with the adjacent demonstrations and civil mobilizations that were born out of said phenomenon. This study set out to unveil the way in which Swedish print journalism has constructed the brutal beating of Rodney King and the death of George Floyd, along with the social response following those events. Other central questions have been: What discourses are present in the material, and how does the reporting relate to the protest paradigm? A critical perspective in accordance with Critical Discourse Analysis’ and Postcolonialism’s theoretical foundations has guided this study all the way from its developmental stages to its finalization. Carvalho’s (2008) analytical model, developed for critical discourse studies of journalistic texts, constitutes the methodological frame of the study.The results of the study can be summarized as follows:Heavy stereotyping is present in the material revolving around the LA riots, and an apparent fact is that the African American actors have had minimal input on the way they are constructed in the texts. Mainly political or other authoritative actors are present and heard in the material. The construction of the events has thereby been the product of the other, predominantly white, side of the social conflict, that reasonably wants to put itself in a good light while doing the opposite with their African American opposition. Considerable improvements are apparent since the King era but the flaws in the reporting are still obvious. A discourse of protesters as violent, unlawful individuals is still largely present in the material, although their social struggle is legitimized to a larger margin than in the past. In both King’s and Floyd’s case, opinionated journalism shows a tendency to break free from the dehumanizing patterns of reporting. The discourses present there are significantly more pro-protester and pro-social justice. iiThese results show the urgent need for future journalists to challenge the protest paradigm in their reporting, along with a need to consider and adapt to the underlying repressive effect that our journalistic traditions have on the medial representations of status-quo defying activism. Taking these findings into account is a necessary means to pave the way for a continually positive evolution of journalistic discourse.

År 2014 kan beskrivas med ordet supervalår. Detta år stod valet till Europaparlamentet och till Sveriges Riksdag, Kommun och Landsting på den samhälleliga agendan.

Politiska kommentatorer är en utmäkande grupp journalister på framväxt som sällan studeras inom medieforskning. Gruppen ökar allt mer i popularitet och därmed ökar även deras gestaltningsmakt. Med detta som grund ter sig ämnet politiska kommentatorers gestaltningsmakt vara ett angeläget och väsentlig område att bidra med forskning till. Problemformuleringen som skapades med denna tanke som grund lyder: Hur väljer politiska kommentatorer att gestalta Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ i text.

Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur politiska kommentatorer använde sin roll som en av medborgarnas politiska informationskälla med fokus på större delen av supervalåret 2014.

269 artiklar studerades med en kvantitativ innehållsanalys. Vidare studerades 40 artiklar av dessa med kvalitativ textanalys bestående av delar ur den semiotiska begreppsapparaten. Empirin utgörs av artiklar författade under 2014-01-01 till 2014-09- 14 av de politiska kommentatorerna: Lena Mellin Aftonbladet, K-G Bergström Expressen, Göran Eriksson Svenska Dagbladet, Ewa Stenberg Dagens Nyheter.

I de fyra politiska kommentatorernas rapportering förekommer det bland annat myter, symboler och metonymer när de gestaltar den politiska sfären. När Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ gestaltas görs detta oftast i stark anknytning till ämnena feminism och invandring. Förutom dessa är ekonomi ett ämne som aär starkt representerat i de studerade texterna. Eftersom den höga frånvaron av andra politiska ämnen är påtaglig när partierna gestaltas så kan partierna uppfattas ha en snäv politik, det vill säga enbart engagera sig i mycket få frågor, som ett resultat av den politiska kommentatorns gestaltning.

Studien visar att de fyra politiska kommentatorerna verkar ha ett liknande sätt att gestalta politiska partier på. Den bild av partiernas politik som publiken blir presenterad för av de politiska kommentatorerna kan dessutom uppfattas som verklighetstrogen eftersom den journalistiska gruppen framstår som en expertkälla inom ämnet politik.

Sverigedemokraterna och Feministiskt initiativ gestaltas som enfrågepartier och avvikande i det svenska politiska klimatet. Tack vare att de politiska kommentatorernas gestaltningsmakt och dagordningsmakt i framingprocessen visar sig vara stark i denna studie har gestaltningen troligtvis stor påverkan på sin publik. 

This bachelor study aimed to examine journalistic valuations for the ethical code by the Swedish newspaper 'Aftonbladet'. This study will focus on the valuations which can be related to refugees.

This study will also examine Swedish media framing to refugees and see in which way they have been framed in front of Swedish society.

By using qualitative content analysis to a specific event from 2015 which happened in Sweden we could build a perception about the Swedish media coverage of refugees. We have also identified different violation of the journalistic publishing rules, which Aftonbladet has done while they covered refugees’ stories.

These were the questions examined: How has 'Aftonbladet' framed refugees in media? What publicity rules did Aftonbladet violate when it comes to refugees?

After a deep assessment of the articles which 'Aftonbladet' has published about this event and the correlations of previous research papers, we found that these Swedish media represent refugees in a negative way.

The aim of this study was to examine how Swedish tabloids value and prioritize news on different platforms and what kind of pictures they primarily publish on these platforms. The study answered the three following questions: what type of news do Swedish tabloids publish on Instagram? What kind of pictures Swedish tabloids publish on Instagram? And, what are the differences regarding tabloid news for Instagram compared to the tabloids’ front pages. The method used to answer the research questions was quantitative content analysis and our empirical materials consists of 783 social media posts and news articles. Based on a quantitative categorical scheme, we have analyzed the Swedish tabloids' Instagram pages and the front pages during the course of two months. Our study established that the most prominent news on Instagram is news that we have chosen to call soft news (news that does not inform or educate the reader), news regarding celebrities/elite were also found preeminent. The pictures that were most widely published on the Swedish tabloids' Instagram pages were pictures of celebrities/elites and montage pictures. The biggest difference when we compared the Instagram posts and the front pages was that, on the tabloids' Instagram pages, soft news is published to a greater extent than on the front pages. It also turned out that celebrity news is significantly more often published on the Swedish tabloids’ front pages compared to Instagram.

In the autumn of 2015 a huge amount of refugees were on the run to Sweden. The news media described the situation as a refugee crisis and border controls were initiated. The aim of this study was to examine how two Swedish newspapers, one national and one local, portrayed refugees at the time when the border controls were initiated in Sweden. The questions examined were: How are the refugees portrayed, what are the similarities and differences between Dagens Nyheter and Sydsvenskan’s portrayal of the refugees? To approach this we made two different analysis of reports from each newspaper, three from Dagens Nyheter and two from Sydsvenskan. We did a framing analysis on the text and a semiotic analysis on the pictures.

Findings show that the portrayal of refugees are very similar in both newspapers. The refugees are described as inferior, but at the same time brave, well-educated and hopeful. We also found that refugees often are portrayed as “the others” and the citizens of Sweden are portrayed as “we”. Although the similarities outweighs, we found some interesting differences in the newspapers portrayal of the refugees. For example, in Dagens Nyheter the hopefulness is combined with a positive and joyful approach, while Sydsvenskan describes the hope with an uncertainty and concern about the future.

This study does research on the Swedish media's portraying of an extraordinary crime event in Sweden - the grenades in Malmö 2015. The study focuses on how the media portrays three major participants in the media image: the public, the politicians and the police. The question examined was: How does the media portray the public and the authorities during the grenades in Malmö 2015? I made a framing analysis of 30 news articles from the summer of 2015. The result showed that the public received the role as the victim, where the media image emphasizes on fear from the public. The police received two different images - the safe image where the media emphasizes on the work the police does on preventing crime. The other image was the critical image, where the media emphasized on how the public criticized the police success rate during these incidents. The politicians received a neutral image, where a small amount of critic was portrayed. The results of the analysis diverged from previous studies and theories in the field when it came to the police and the politicians. 

Media has a big impact on our lives and is one of the main channels for people to recieve information. When recieved, the messages creates a meaning for the people that read, hear or see them. In other words, media could be seen as a source for people on how to perceive the world and it gives a certain picture of what is ”normal”. We chose to do this study to get a deeper knowledge of how men and women are being portrayed in a Swedish lifestyle magazine and what messagest that sends out to the readers.

In this study we have examined how men and women are being portrayed in the Swedish magazine Café, both in photographs and in text. We have used qualitative, rhetorical and semiotic methods to detect the differences and similarities in the four articles examined. The theoretical framework in this study is mainly based on Laura Mulveys ”The Male Gaze”, Anja Hirdmans theory about homosociality and Anthony Giddens well-known theory about structuration. Also, we have used radical feminism and Judith Butlers theory ”The Heterosexual Matrix”.

The main findings show clear differences connected to the typical normative ideas that has long existed for the male and female gender. In the articles examined in this study, men are being described as independent and strong with no need to lean on other people to be successfull. Women on the other hand, are being presented as sensitive, dependent and weak sexual objects. According to the articles, they have no capacity to succeed on their own and their role is merely to please and obey the men.

The findings on how the genders are being portrayed, and that men are given the main attention and focus show us that Café doesn´t at all favor the developement for the equality between the two genders. That is an important issue and shows that more research needs to be done within the gender field.

Native advertising is a marketing strategy that aims to merge advertising into journalistic articles. It is a relatively new form of advertising that is rapidly growing and more media companies are applying this kind of content to secure their future revenues.

This study explores the understanding of native advertising and its impact on peoples trust towards today’s online newspapers. The thesis is a qualitative study based on eight interviews with online news consumers. The theoretical perspective in this study is based on research regarding trust, ethos and the struggling media landscape.

Our study shows that native advertising does have influence on the consumer’s perception towards online newspapers. It also shows that the level of confusion between journalistic content and native advertising is noticeable. For some of our respondents it was hard to define whether they were reading an article written by a journalist or a company.  

The aim of the study was to investigate the representation of women’s sports and men’s sports, in the local newspaper Smålänningen. A study I conducted through examining how many articles on men’s sports and how many articles on women’s sports have been published over the last four years. I chose to investigate two months of every year; January and March. I also examined which sports were the most occurring ones.

I used the method of quantitative content analysis to investigate the questions. Through the method I performed an overall analysis of how many articles were written about men’s sports, and how many articles were written about women’s sports in Smålänningen. The result of the quantitative content analysis showed that female athletes are misrepresented and that men’s sports dominates Smålänningens reporting. It also showed that there were more articles written by female journalists than articles based on performances achieved by female athletes. Further, my study showed that the reporting on women’s sports have become more regular in Smålänningen.

Online harassment against journalists on various social forums is a debated topic. This

study aims to research what threats and hatred can give for consequences for Swedish

journalists. Sweden has democratic rights, such as the freedom of expression to be able to

report freely in society. The online trolls also have freedom of expression to be allowed to

express themselves freely in images and text, but how are journalists affected when the

online trolls threaten and hate on the web? To research what this problem looks like, we

have proceeded from a qualitative interview study, which is based on eleven interviews

with journalists who have been exposed to threats, harassment or hatred online.

We have started from the theories of self-censorship, gender and sex, gender role and social

role theory. The purpose of these theories is to get an idea of how the gender portrayal and

the different social roles diverges between the male and female journalists. Self-censorship

refers to whether journalists unconsciously censor themselves out of fear and to protect

themselves and their family members.

The results of the study show that the respondents perceive that it is men who hatres on the

web the most. Female journalists receive more sexist hate comments than male journalists.

Women react more strongly to online hatred and take on various support and protection

measures, which men do not do in the same way. There are also differences between the

sexes in how the view of cyber hatred is perceived. Women take it more seriously and men

see it as a minor problem. The harassment on the web leads to self- censorship. Female

journalists self-censor more than male journalists. It is easier to silence women than it is to

silence men. The journalists' perception of online hatred is that it has gotten worse since

the development of digitalisation and when social media came. Respondents see threats

and hatred against journalists as a democratic problem for society.

According to our results newspapers are in a shift and their future is unclear. The newspapers do not know which marketing strategy they should adopt in order to survive, to start charging for the digital newspaper content is one possible choice. The papers are threatened by the generation that is used to free content because this generation of young people has grown up with newspaper news that are available for free. People are talking less about the elderly and that they also try to find news that are free.

Through a qualitative study with eight interviews with people in the ages 50-60 we try to find what may characterize the respondents news consumption and what it may look like in 10 years. We also examine how the respondents relate to the newspapers.

In conclusion, we found that the respondents are at different stages in their digital use of news. We concluded that the printed paper has a different degree of importance to respondents. Some cannot imagine a life without printed newspapers while others only see advantages in digital news.

Environmental issues are a hot topic in political debates and residents are becoming more and more aware of them, forcing car manufacturers to follow a strategy based on these principles. Our goal with the study is to analyze four different car manufacturers' commercials to find out how they create their commercials to succeed in selling and make a product that is stressful for climate emissions appear harmless. The method used for this empirical study is a qualitative content analysis based on four different commercials. The manufacturers are Volvo, Volkswagen, Kia and Toyota, which are the most common car brands in Sweden when the study is executed. The result we ended up with is that the car manufacturers embrace the environmental issue so much that their films consist as much of nature as their car. It can't be missed that they are no longer promoting a fossil fuel future. There are many elements of nature in different ways and we could see that they want to present an image of being environmentally conscious and they want to show that their identity is progressive and modern to attract consumers to keep buying their cars.

The aim of this study is to examine how the local newspapers (Barometern, Falu-kuriren, Hudiksvalls tidning, Skaraborgs Allehanda) and the tabloid (Aftonbladet) portray the local community in a village after a murder occured and how it affects the image of the village over time. In this study we therefore studied four different murders that occured in small swedish villages. We analysed how the newspapers construct the imagined community after the murder and what similarities and differences they have.

In this study we applied the critical discourse analysis and in total we investigated twelve articles that all had social constructions and therefore were relevant for the study. The results show that both the local newspapers and the tabloid Aftonbladet portrayed that the murders had a huge impact on the community. The safe place that they once knew is gone and therefore they seek support in each other and stand united. The victim gets more space in the articles than the perpetrator. We also discovered that you don’t have to live in the village to be a part of the community as long as you show compassion. The difference showed that the local newspapers only included the locals to mourn while the evening paper included the whole nation to be a part of the imagined community.

This study conducts a narrative analysis of the film Turist, in order to explore how its portrayal of a contemporary Scandinavian family could provide insight into how gender roles are constructed. Drawing on classical feminist theory, film theory and giving special focus to explore how masculinity and the father’s role is portrayed in relation to femininity this essay uses a theoretical angle that is less explored than others.

In the methodology, this study examines both the film’s characters and the many technical aspects that a film is constructed from. When relevant to the analysis in its entirety the study will consider parameters such as dialogue, editing, camera movement, framing of scenes and music.

The results of the research show that the film is self-aware when constructing stereotypical gender roles that aligns itself with classical feminist theories. In the end the film implies that the family is comfortable to return to the traditional family hierarchy, because this is something they believe is expected from them. 

For many gay men, media is a crucial component in the process of creating an identity and finding support and guidance. Studies show that gay men are the group in society most strongly effected by the representation in media of societal ideals, and more specifically print media. In the past, gay men have been subjected to heteronormative representations through media of what being a gay man entails, in which he was portrayed as feminine; a process which has lead some gay men to attempt to adhere to a stereotypically masculine identity in order to find a sense of belonging and connection to society. The heterosexual man became a guidepost in this process. Through hegemonic masculinity, the process became problematic as homosexuality was considered less masculine by default, and the gay men were stuck in an identity crisis based in gender-identification and a need to distance themselves from feminine ideals. The purpose of this study was to analyze the construction of masculinity through the representation of heterosexual males in a print media aimed at gay men. Through the work of Erving Goffman and Sut Jhally, a semiotic analysis of 94 images of heterosexual males in 11 issues from 2013 of Attitude Magazine were analyzed for signs of masculinity. The results showed that the heterosexual males portrayed in the magazine were represented as stereotypically masculine, where signs of femininity were subdued by the enforcement of a masculine code. The findings suggest that heterosexual masculinity has a place in gay media and can be problematic, but that the representations also allow for a certain degree of deviation from strict hegemonic masculinity. 

The purpose of this study was to examine how the Swedish sports journalism, tabloids and local newspapers, portrayed the Swedish national football team during the 2018 Russia World Cup and Malmö FF in the 2015/2016 Champions League competition. The main purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between sports journalism and nationality. The question formulations to this study were: how does the sports journalism portray the Swedish national team and Malmö FF, and what are the similarities and differences between Aftonbladets and Sydsvenskans portrayal of the teams?

I made a discourse analysis out of twelve chronicles, six from Aftonbladet and six from Sydsvenkan. For each of the three group stage games Sweden played in the World Cup, I analyzed one chronicle from both Aftonbladet and Sydsvenskan. Further, I analyzed one chronicle from Aftonbladet and one from Sydsvenskan for each of the three home games Malmö FF played in the Champions League. It turned out that Aftonbladet portrayed Sweden with a lot of metaphors and wrote about the Swedish national team as if the readers were a part of the team. Aftonbladet had more distance and caution when portraying Malmö FF. With Sydsvenskan it was the contrary. Sydsvenskan portrayed Malmö FF as if they were a part of the team and occasionally seemed to be biased. Sydsvenskan portrayed the Swedish national with more caution, distance and did not portray Sweden with the same empathy as Malmö FF.

Syfte: Få en förståelse kring hur politiker använder sig av retoriska strategier och verktyg för at.t förmedla ett budskap.

Metod Kvalitativa retoriska analyser av ett tal vardera från fem socialdemokratiska partiledare.

Resultat: Huvuddrag från resultatet är att samtliga politiker tenderar att använda sig av retoriska verktyg så som ethos, logos, pathos samt av retoriska stilfigurer så som metaforer samt anaforer. I många situationer använder politikerna de retoriska verktygen för att antingen styrka sitt argument eller för att lyfta fram en fråga som de vill belysa.

Slutsats: Det går genom denna undersökning att konstatera att det finns retoriska verktyg som tenderar till att återkomma i socialdemokratiska partiledares tal. De mest använda retoriska verktygen är ethos, logos samt pathos. Även de retoriska stilfigurerna metaforer samt anaforer har varit återkommande verktyg hos politikerna

This study aims to investigate the effect, the social media app TikTok, has on the individual and what position of power the application has in that matter. By being the fastest growing social media app, TikTok offers the user an endless flow of content, personalized for the user by algorithms. In order to understand the impact TikTok has on the individual, several interviews have been conducted to increase understanding of if TikTok has the power to change people’s minds about themselves or topics of any kind. The study also aims to investigate whether the individual is aware of the impact of TikTok’s content or not. Through this, we are investigating if TikTok has the power in today's media society to influence people to think and feel things. The study focuses on talking to the respondents and letting them reflect on their use and the content they consume on TikTok. Based on previous research, we have studied algorithms and self-creation based on social media in order to be able to apply this to our own work. By supporting ourselves against previous research, we can fill a knowledge gap by discussing how social media has an impact on the individual and their awareness of this impact.   The dominant theme that emerged from the majority of the interviews was the awareness of the algorithms control, choosing what content the respondent would see. This included their own interests, but also the different ideals shown on the app and opinions expressed by content creators. What can be shown by the result was that the respondents got affected by different sorts of things. Talking about ideals, only half of the respondents felt affected by the content on TikTok and the other half choosed to ignore content of that kind. But when speaking about opinions and subjects, the respondents were more affected by the creators, talking about politics and trends. This shows that TikTok has a power to influence people on their thoughts, but there is an awareness of this impact which makes it a balanced power where both TikTok and the individual are working to be the ruler.

In October 2006 the media began investigating the four ministers Billström, Borg, Borelius and Stegö Chilò who were all being accused of miner tax fraud. The two women, Stegö Chilò and Borelius became the primary victims of an extensive media hunt where the media already had made their minds up; the women had to go. The more the women tried to explain themselves, they only seemed to be digging themselves into a deeper hole and ten days into the “hunt”, the media got their way, the women resigned while the men, even today remain on their positions. What was it then that made the outcome so different regarding the four ministers when the only thing to really set them apart was their genders?

With support of theories from Giddens, Habermas and Thompson as well as theories regarding media, gender and the medias ethical responsibility we have in a qualitatively narrative analysis studied 20 articles from Dagens Nyheter and Expressen. This contributed to the discovery of how men and women in these articles are presented within different power structures, gender representations, themes and roles. We also found that the two Newspapers, in the witch-hunt that took place, failed in their responsibility toward society when they ignored the relevant news reports in favor of an entertaining tale of responsible men and immoral women.

The purpose of this study was to examine if local newspapers construction of the Swedish authorities differs from the national newspapers. This was done using a qualitative method, using the Swedish police authority as a practical example. This by analyzing two articles each from five different news events concerning the police and their job. One article from the local newspaper from were the event took place, and one article from one of the most read national newspapers in Sweden, Dagens Nyheter. To then compare the results between the articles. 

Previous studies show that the Swedish police takes a big part of the construction of themselves in the media. This partly by being one of the main sources of information for the journalists. The police also tend to be constructed in a positive way in some sort of ”hero”-discourse, and with a lack of critical questioning from the journalists. Some studies have also showed that the local media tend to lean into the aforementioned construction of the police in a greater extent than national media. 

This study came to a similar conclusion as the previous studies has done. The local media tend to construct the police in some sort of ”hero”-discourse more often than the national media. This discourse is often presented in connection with a stressed or threatening situation, which in a way justifies the actions done by the police. 

The aim of the study is to examine how feminist activists in Sweden observe and talk about social problems related to feminism to resist existing power discourses. The questions examined is: What stereotypical portrayals of women were noticed by feminist activists in the podcast ‘Penntricket’?; in which manner does the feminist activists talk of these stereotypical portrayals in order to resist existing power discourses?

A critical discourse analysis was carried out on six chosen parts of the podcast Penntricket where the hosts talked about stereotypical portrayals of women and how to resist existing power discourses.

The results of the study demonstrates that the feminist activists observed and talked about three stereotypic portrayals of women; ‘the responsible mother’; how ‘the woman is expected to have children’ and ‘the attractive woman’. The resistance differed within the stereotypic portrayals of women. The feminist activists resistance of the stereotypic portrayal of ‘the responsible mother’ was to make the unequal parenting visible. In resisting the stereotypic portrayals of how ‘the woman is expected to have children’ the feminist activists talked about the importance of opening up for more acceptable categories for women who does not desire to have children. The feminist activists resistance of the stereotypic portrayals of ‘the attractive women’ was to make visible that mothers manners can affect their daughters and make visible what happens when women give each other compliment for their looks. 

The purpose of this study was to illustrate how the Swedish tabloid press construct their

sports sections front pages and what they present on these pages. A second purpose, and

by the first following, was to investigate the items these newspapers offer the audience

to add to their daily agendas. The aim to show a bigger picture of the front pages

content was reached by implementing a content analysis of 196 front pages from the

two largest tabloid newspapers in Sweden, Aftonbladet and Expressen, during a period

of four years. The study examined 98 items per newspaper and since the aim was to

examine sports journalism the units were chosen from the two newspapers sports

sections, Sportbladet and SportExpressen. The great conclusions that were made during

this process were the differences in between genders, the dominating sports and what

big part sponsors have in sports. The most common front page shows a Swedish man

playing football in the age between 20-35. A less common page is woman, playing any

sport. She is only found on nine of a hundred front pages. As in the case of men,

football is the dominating sport in Swedish tabloid press. On second place we found ice

hockey. What we also could find was the big part sponsors have in sports. We saw the

logos of sponsors on every second front page.

The aim of my study was to examine how orthorexia is constructed in the Swedish tabloids. The main question examined was in what way the Swedish tabloids contributes to define orthorexia as a social problem. But in order to answer this I also had to make up a couple of smaller questions which was; what in the texts helps to understand orthorexia as something dangerous and something that poses a health risk, what in the texts produces orthorexia as a new and growing eating disorder and which stereotypes are to be found of the ones that are sick. 

Using a discourse analysis of six news articles from the two biggest tabloids in Sweden, showed three different themes; the new and dangerous disease, a problem and stereotypes. By using the framing theory two various frames of orthorexia was found. These were a new type of eating disorder that framed orthorexia as a quite unknown disorder and which to begin with was questioned as an eating disorder and said just to be a trend. But also when healthy become unhealthy that framed orthorexia as a dangerous disorder that in the most extreme cases could lead to death. Orthorexia is in this frame descried as something wrong. Using the framing theory three different stereotypes showed. These were; the trendorthorectic, the elite athlete who became ill and the one with the thought full of obsessions. The first of the three stereotypes is the most modern and takes healthy to its most extreme. The second one is driven by a hang-up on the well-trained body that it ones had. And finally, the third one is the stereotype that best matches how the tabloids frame orthorexia. It also the most of extreme of the three stereotypes. Unlike the other stereotypes this one is driven by obsessive thoughts about both health, exercise and food. 

My study shows that orthorexia is defined as when something healthy become unhealthy and is framed as something both dangerous and wrong in the Swedish tabloids. The tabloids help to understand orthorexia as an accepted eating disorder and is constructed as a social problem that we have to do something about.

Journalists have their code of ethics to consider while writing and pubishing texts. Unlike journalists, bloggers do not have such ethical codes to approach. As a result of the technical explosion and the Internet, blogs have become a large phenomenon in our society and are being read by a large number of people, mainly young women, every day. The media society and also the media modality has changed as an outgrowth of this. However, bloggers still affect people and they sometimes have a larger audience than a newspaper, so the question is how they think of media ethics.

The aim of this qualitative study is to investigate how female bloggers think of their ethical responsibility towards their audience and also how they think of ethics within the over all blogosphere. The investigation is based on eight semi-structured interviews with female bloggers that has been analysed by using media ethics theory. 

The results of this examination shows that female bloggers think ethically towards their auidence in terms of credibility, reliability and honesty. Moreover, common sense is something to bring online as well, and in fact the differences should not be to big between online and offline behaviour. The outcomes also indicate that it favours you as a blogger to think ethical to be able to keep up a good relation to the audience. This is something that has changed over time. Today bloggers seem to be influenced more and more from journalists than they used to back when the weblog first came. Codes of ethic seem to be important to the respondees, but an agreement about the design of them still appears to be left to the future. 

The media industry, and especially the news, in Sweden is living in a dark world that seems to get even darker by the minute. According to Nordicom (2013) the number of readers in the ages 15-24 has dropped by 24 percentage points between 2007 and 2012. This is a big problem for the news industry, but also for democracy that require citizens that are well-read and know what is going on in society. Enda and Mitchel (2013) found that 65% of people in the USA have stopped reading a certain news source since it no longer fits their needs. Maybe with a better understanding for young adults needs this trend can change.

This qualitative study was conducted using interviews with eight respondents to find out why young adults who study at a university consume news. The main research questions were 1) how does interests affect news consumption, 2) how does social relationships affect news consumption and 3) what affects the choice of news media.

Interests seem to affect news consumption when it comes to what kind of news you take part of, but it doesn't affect how much you consume. Social relationships also appears to affect news consumption and in different ways depending on what social context these young adults are in. What seems to affect the choice of news media the most is the possibility to be able to choose what kind of news you want to take part of along with a good outline of what's going on in the world.

The aim of this bachelor study was to examine and analyze if there were any difference in how Dagens Nyheter framed sexual crimes before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017. Framing theory was used to categorize different frames in the reporting of sexual crimes in the Swedish newspaper Dagens Nyheter. The research question was: which frames are the most common in Dagens Nyheters framing of sexual crimes and how common are these frames? Is there any difference in what frames appear in Dagens Nyheter before and after the metoo movements peak in 2017? 

With a quantitative content analysis I could examine how often the frames were used by Dagens Nyheter and if it was any different after the metoo movements peak in 2017. A total of 869 articles were analyzed. 240 articles in 2014, 322 articles in 2017 and 307 articles in 2020. By using framing theory, ten frames were identified. “police report and legal process”, “sexual offenses linked to religion”, “sexual offenses as a societal problem”, “sexual offense legislation and criticism”, “men with power”, “fact about sexual offenses”, “sexual offenses as a metaphor”, “victim of sexual offenses”, “accused of sexual offenses” and “other”. 

The result of the examine showed that the most used frame was “police report and legal process”. In the period of 2014 the second most used frame was “sexual offense legislation and criticism”. In the period of 2017 the second most used frame was “victim of sexual offenses” and in the period of 2020 the second most used frame was “sexual offenses as a societal problem”. The biggest difference before and after metoo movement that were found was the frame “accused of sexual offenses”. In 2014 it was not found at all while in 2020 it was one of the more common frames. 

This study examines how young women portray themselves and their lives on Instagram. The platform is today a very popular social network with a lot of power and influence that is used on a daily basis by young women. The purpose of the study is to investigate how young women talk about how they present their lives and how they describe that their self-image is affected by Instagram. A qualitative study has been implemented using focus groups and a thematic analysis to answer the purpose. Four theories have been used that will form the basis of this study, which helps the study to find similarities and differences. Six previous frameworks have also helped the study reach its results. The study shows that there is a connection between how young women present themselves and their lives on Instagram together with how their self-esteem is affected by the platform. The most important result of the study is that there is a great aspiration and mind behind what is published on the platform. The women only show off when they are doing something fun or when they look good. Other results are that the women mainly publish selfies, when they are hanging out with friends and doing fun things such as traveling and on holidays. These are also the messages behind the women's posts and events. The application is a social forum where the women keep in touch with each other, both with friends, acquaintances and families. Other results are that the women never publish pictures they are not happy with and when they think they don't look good. The reason for this depends on uncertainty about how others will perceive them. A final result is that Instagram is used to share news and information. Instagram is one of today's holders of power.

India experienced huge media coverage from all over the world associated with the Nirbhaya-case in 2012, when a young middleclass girl was brutally raped in a bus by five men in Delhi. After this horrifying incident a lot of demonstrations followed all over India. Women in the urban areas was arguing for the same rights as men and was standing up for a more equal society where everybody is able to live as freely as someone else, no matter what gender you was born with.

This study aim to examine what experiences, perceptions and opinions Indian journalists in English written press have of their reality from a gender perspective. We wanted to know how and when Indian journalist represent women and if there is a certain way of thinking about representation of women in the media content. In interviews with a total of eleven journalists and ethnographic observations in two of India’s largest cities we tried to examine the structures and perceptions that influenced the journalist’s worldview and thus also the messages that appears in the news. By using the theory of structuration, agenda setting, performativity and intersectionality we examined what structures that the journalists live and operates within and how this is affecting the media content. 

The purpose of this essay was to examine how eight Swedish newspapers reported on a trade union conflict between dock workers and a employer organisation in the winter of 2019. Further it will examine how the conflict is portrayed in the newspaper and if both of the organisations gets their voices heard in the newspapers. We will also examine what context the conflict mention within. We analyzed eight Swedish newspapers that wrote about the conflict, at the time 7 January - 14 Mars 2019, with help of a quantitative content analysis. 

The result of this study showed us that the newspapers in Sweden in generally used Primary Definers to get their information so they could write articles about this conflict. It also showed us that the two parties in this conflict, the trade union and the employer, get the chance to speak in the newspaper almost as much as each other. Other findings were made and one of those was that two of Sweden’s largest newspaper barely wrote about this conflict. But when they were writing about this conflict they wrote that this conflict has a big impact on the Swedish economy. 

This study looks into the field of intercultural miscommunication and misunderstandings on

small multicultural Non Profit Organization (NPO) seen from the expats point of view. It is

a study based on a qualitative method-design, including a micro-ethnographic study and

qualitative interviews on a small NPO on Bali, Indonesia called Project Clean Uluwatu

(PCU) that contain volunteers from all over the world. These misunderstandings and

miscommunications that occurred on PCU was mostly between local people born on Bali

and foreign people working on PCU, due to many reasons, starting with the rapid pace of

globalization and that culture don’t evolve in the same speed. Plausible explanations for

this, that are raised in this thesis, is that people make sense of events in different ways,

especially if the individuals within a misunderstanding belong to both a high context culture

and a low context culture and aby that communicate in different ways. This thesis also

explain them through Karl Wieck’s sensemaking perspective by applying 7 properties that

describes how individuals make sense out of miscommunication by perceiving the event in

different ways due to individuals former knowledge, their intentions and own identity.

This study examines @FIFAmedia’s communication on Twitter, other users’ reactions to FIFA’s framing in their tweets, and on whether FIFA’s income from brand licensing was affected by the corruption scandal from 2015. By measuring FIFA’s framing and the reactions to it, a concrete comparison with FIFA's brand capital is enabled to provide further understanding of the impact the scandal had on the brand. All research questions are using a quantitative content analysis. The first two research questions are using Twitter and a sample period consisting of the periods: before, during and after the scandal. For the third research question FIFA's financial reports between the years 2013-2018 were interpreted to line up the numbers against each other to see if FIFA’s revenues from brand licensing have increased or decreased due to the scandal. The Framing Theory is used to answer the two first research questions about FIFA’s and Twitter users’ portrayal, whilst the Theory on Brand Equity is used to answer the third research question about FIFA’s brand equity. Previous research examines FIFA’s communication and Twitter users’ reactions to the tweets separately, but not in relation to each other. The result showed that FIFA communicates mostly about internal organizational activities and men’s football. The organisation often tweets with a link to its official website to update the followers on more information regarding their tweets. The result of other users' reaction to FIFA's framing in tweets was shown to be strongest after the corruption scandal was discovered. During this period, it is mainly private individuals who express negative thoughts towards FIFA’s tweets, as well as about FIFA as an organization. Finally, the results show that the scandal had an impact on FIFA's brand capital from licensing, where revenues increased vastly after the corruption scandal occurred, from the years 2016-2018. This result may be due to the fact that partners of FIFA sign multi-year contracts where a lot of money is involved, and that the financial capital between the partners is extremely important for the future of the organisations. 

The aim of this study was to examine young adults media behaviors during the times of the covid-19 pandemic.

Qualitative interviews were conducted with five men and five women studying at Linnaeus University in Kalmar. The theoretical framework used are Uses and Gratification and New media theory. 

The result shows that the young adults have increased their screen time, which is a direct effect of the fact that they are spending more time at home due to home education through zoom. Another conclusion is that the screen time has increased due to not being able to meet up with friends as they did before covid-19. Therefore their social needs are being filled with the use of social media and communication media such as zoom and facetime. It’s not a change persey, it’s more of an amplified use.

The purpose of this study was to examine the foreign news flow in Sweden´s largest news agency TT. Since TT has an important position as a news provider to most of Sweden´s local and national news outlets, it was important to examine exactly what their news stories consisted of.

The theoretical background of this study consist of theories of news values, agenda setting, dependency theory and the theory about the “news shadow” a lack of coverage leads to.

In our quantitative study we have looked at 506 articles taken from the TT news flow during two weeks In November 2013. We have studied which continents and countries the news origins from, who have supplied the text, the topics of the news, which one gets to speak in the text and what general tone the story has.

The study shows that the supply of news follows the criteria of news values. It also shows that in some regions of the world the coverage is almost nonexistent. Because of this a media shadow has been cast over regions that have little relationship with Sweden. It also shows that TT depends on other international news agencies for a lot of their foreign news. And that the news is elite centered. Furthermore the study shows that negative news stories are the most common ones. And that more negative news spread from third world countries.

The purpose of our study was to examine how the newspaper Aftonbladet reported about the murder of Kim Wall. The questions in focus were; how are Kim Wall and Peter Madsen being represented in Aftonbladet? And how are the representation of them changing throughout time? In the study we have made a discourse analysis where eleven news articles were analysed. The result is presented in themes of discourses constructed of Wall and Madsen in Aftonbladet. Our results showed that Kim Wall was represented as a helpless woman, a brave journalist and an invisible individual. Peter Madsen was represented as a talented inventor, a cold-hearted monster and a crazy man. The results also showed that the tabloid journalism Aftonbladet had about the murder of Kim Wall were in a sensational and detailed way. 

The purpose of this study is to investigate two Handelsbanken offices and how they work in similar ways when dealing with internal communication. The goal is to answer if and in what way the managers` and the employes perceive their internal communication at the two bank officies. By a comparation between the two decentralisized officies the aim is also to study what differences and/or similarities that exists in internal communications?

Are managers and employees satisfied with the communication that flows in the organization? I find it interesting to investigate in wheather there exist a similarity in the internal communication between the managers and the employees since it is a decentralized organization.

I have made five semi-structured interviews with two managers at two different Handelsbanken offices. Additionally two interviews with two employes at one of the offices and also one interview at the other Handelsbanken office.

By the study I have found that all respondents have a positive impression according the internal communication. Both managers and employees in the offices have an effective cooperation, and also promotes an open environment where they have a good communication between each other all the time.

This essay is about commercialization as a concept and expression in journalism, since there is a concern that what sells is what have been put on the agenda. 

Journalisms main purpose is to provide citizens with an insight into the world beyond their own experiences and give people a social perspective. Commercial materials are often available in many different media, some people say that the commercialization threaten democracy and impair quality journalism.  

As more people choose to consume and read the newspaper over the weekend the purpose of this essay is to examine if the commercialization increased in the newspaper Aftonbladet during weekends / holidays, and to investigate how much the commercialization takes place in the newspaper. We also wanted to see which news topic that permeated the newspaper. Through a quantitative content analysis we investigated the empirical material gathered during 14 days (230415-060515) of the daily press Aftonbladet, where the advertisements and articles were analyzed units. Altogether, it became 1115 units of analysis that showed that the commercialization increased by 6% during weekends / holidays. The survey also showed that the newspaper Aftonbladet consists of nearly half commercialization and the news topic entertainment and ads were the dominant subjects. With agenda setting theory and priming we were able to analyze and discuss what was found.

The aim of this bachelor thesis was to examine how gender is framed in Swedish television news. The research questions we examined were the following: 

How is the gender balanced in the news reports? What kind of news represent women and what kind of news represent men? How is women and men viewed according to the news reports? What similarities and differences is there in how women and men are portrayed?

The bachelor theisis is primarily a qualitative study where we with a visual text analysis, examine in what way women and men are framed in news reports. The study also includes a minor quantitative survey that examines the representation of men and women in news reports in Swedish television during week 49, 2019. To reach this conclusion we analysed 12 news reports from two of Sweden´s leading news broadcasts, Rapport and Aktuellt. By analysing 6 reports from each program we came to the conclusion that men and women were gender balanced the examined week. Apart from this conclusion the main result shows that even though the reports were gender balanced according to the participants, there was an obvious difference in how the sexes were framed. The women were framed in their traditional sex role as the motherly, sensitive and caring victim while the men were framed as the strong and enterprising worker.

Sociala medier och public relations kan vara effektiva verktyg i festivalers strategiska kommunikationsarbete. För att kunna skapa en dialog och upprätthålla en relation till sin publik använder arrangörerna ett antal tekniker och PR- strategier. Undersökningen visar hur dessa strategier används och hur de fyller ett antal funktioner för de båda aktörerna. Bland annat ser vi hur publiken låter sig ”utnyttjas” i festivalernas PR-arbete men samtidigt tycker det är värt det genom att vara sociala på festivalernas sociala medie- kanaler. 

Our society has become increasingly digitized, and all around us information flows constantly. Knowledge about valuing different sources of information, and not least the information itself, are becoming increasingly important. Media and information have come to play a big role in our society, and knowledge of media and information literacy becomes important to learn in school. High school students are at the beginning of their adult lives as educated citizens.

In this study, we measured high school students experience of media and information literacy, during their three years in high school. Students answered a questionnaire, with questions based upon theoretical concepts in media and information literacy. We chose to focus on high school students as a homogeneous group and not make comparisons between different programs. Everyone is equal before the Education Act.

We had preconceived ideas about the outcome, we thought it would turn out that school education regarding media and information literacy had been insufficient, but in many cases those ideas proved to be incorrect. It turned out that high school students may have considerably more knowledge in media and information literacy than we first thought.