The market communication in organisations is vital to manage the competition. Studies have shown the importance of market communication in both private and public organisations.

Since the past decade market communication has been acknowledged as an instrument to provide the organisations target group with valid information.

This thesis is a study about the differences in market communication between private and public organisations. To manage this we asked ourselves the question:

“- What distinguish the market communication in a private respective a public organisation?”

We have done qualitative interviews to get the best result for our study. We have interviewed both types of organisations and our respondents have leading strategic position in their organisations.

Our research highlights important differences between private and public organisations in matter of tactics in market communication.

In conclusion the result shows a great difference in how an organization is managing their communicative strategies all depending on if it is a private owned company or a public organisation.

Den här rapporten undersöker om gränsen mellan Terminal Services och Citrix XenApp har börjat suddas ut eller om man ännu kan dra en tydlig linje mellan dessa. Detta för att avgöra om organisationer som idag kör Windows Server 2003 med Citrix XenApp enbart klarar sig med de nya funktionerna i Windows Server 2008 Terminal Services och ändå uppfylla de krav och behov en organisation har. Arbetet genomfördes rent teoretiskt. För att avgöra likheter och skillnader mellan applikationerna, så användes till största delen ett ramverk. För att kunna få en bild av hur applikationerna tillämpas rent praktiskt, användes tidigare testar samt analyser. Resultatet visar att Terminal Services tagit ett större steg inom marknaden för applikationsvirtualisering. Slutsatsen antyder att Windows Server 2008 Terminal Services är lämplig för organisationer utan komplexa behov.

Sweden. 1980. The term ‘video violence’ becomes public through the debates show Studio S. The show urges and obligates politicians to stop, regulate and ban video films with violent content from the market. 29 years later, the debates show Debatt raises concerns regarding a similar topic, ‘video game violence’. Both shows were produced and aired by the Public Service channels of Sveriges Television in Sweden.

The purpose of this thesis was to study and examine if the media encourages and nourishes moral panics to the general public through debates shows. How does the host/journalist interact to steer the debate to the media agenda and how has the power structure changed in the debate genre over the years? Do the media nurture the root of moral panics?

We based the study on a qualitative content analysis. We analyzed one episode from each of the two debate shows Studio S and Debatt. The method of analysis we used was discourse analysis with emphasis on relations and power structures. We also analyzed the episodes by using Goode and Ben-Yehudas five criteria’s for creating moral panic.

The study shows that both debates shows fail to mention the problem in a larger societal context. They tend to only portray a scapegoat. Furthermore, they often show one-sided and violent sequences from the cultural phenomena. They use discourses to maintain the firm power in the debates to fulfill their pre-constructed bias agenda. We’ve also observed that it has become much more difficult for a moral panic to gain momentum compared with 1980, because of the medias decentralization.

Authors: Siri Amram and Cecilia Hedquist

Title: Big equality between the sexes in a small form- a quantitative and qualitative thesis of

Lilla Aktuellt from a gender perspective.

Language: Swedish

Level: BA thesis in journalism

Location: University of Kalmar

Number of pages: 43 (with appendices 64)

Abstract

In this study we have analyzed a television news show in Sweden for children – Lilla Aktuellt

– from a gender perspective. We have analyzed the program both from quantitative and

qualitative aspects. In the quantitative analysis of twelve episodes we compared females and

males in the following respects: number of participants and for how long the participants were

allowed to speak. In the qualitative analysis of three episodes we aimed to discover what

different roles and stereotypes the participants displayed.

We have in our study applied the theory about gender and the theory of representation,

stereotypes and identity with the aim to find out if the girls/women and the boys/men

appearing in the programs were ascribed different characteristics and attributes and if they

were divided in different spheres.

Our study shows that the allotment between the genders in Lilla Aktuellt is very even. In our

quantitative analysis the participants were approximately 51 percent girls and women and 49

percent boys and men. The same allocation between females and males applied when it came

to for how long the participants were allowed to speak. In our qualitative analysis we found

that the children and the adults did represent different stereotypes and played different roles

but that there were hardly any differences in this respect between the genders.

We have inquired into how the amount of foreign news has changed over the last 30 years in two major Swedish newspapers, which subjects and regions has dominated the content of the foreign news and what subjects dominate the reporting from certain regions. This was done with a quantitative analysis of subjects and regions written about in 1100 news texts during a week in each year of 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2008. To further broaden our study, we also charted with the analysis how the newspapers domesticate foreign news and how they use international news agencies. As a basis for our discussion we use Van Ginnekens theories of world news centres, Westerståhl & Johanssons and Galtung & Ruges theories of foreign news selection as well as the theories of Hjarvard and Biltereyst about the domestication of foreign news due to commercial pressures and objectives on the newspapers. Our result of the amount of foreign news in the two newspapers is also compared to several similar empirical studies by different researchers. The study shows that the amount of foreign news is dropping in swedish media, although not as fast-paced as many researchers claim they do in other countries. In Dagens Nyheter there is just marginal difference while the decreasing amount of news can be seen more clearly in Aftonbladet. The amount of news texts is not reducing, more the size of them shrinks. The study also shows that news about Europe and the USA dominates the foreign news in the newspapers and averagely less than a half of the foreign news is left for the rest of the world. Africa, the Middle East and places that are more culturally and geographically distant are more often presented with tragic, hard news, often about war and conflict. While the happy and soft news is more likely to be about the western culturally similar regions. The purpose of our study was to find out which subjects and places in the world are most written about in the newspapers and with what subjects the papers present certain places in the world. The study can be used as necessary data for further study into why the amount of foreign news is shrinking and why certain places and subjects occur more often in the newspapers.

Media society is under a constant development and in line with this change, firms must adapt to the market. We have investigated what fashion companies in fact are doing to communicate in the dynamic market. We wanted to find out how to communicate and how they can market themselves in a new and innovative way to create long-term customer relationships. We have used a theoretical frame of reference based on marketing communication, fashion marketing, branding and relationship marketing theories. We have assumed four themes throughout the survey which are: customer contact and relationships, emotion in communication, branding and relational communication. The survey has been conducted by using qualitative methodswere we have interviewed three fashion companies and three consumers as well as a professor of communications. We have also examined and critically assessed the data we collected. Furthermore we have presented the empirical result of the interviews according to the previously mentioned themes. We have discussed above mentioned areas and different tools to create long-terms relationships within the fashion industry. In conclusion, we state that the one of the most effective strategy is to add more resources to create feelings among their customers with the companies advertising. It is also important to build up a strong brand that can represent the whole company.

My essey concern the non-profitable organization Ung företagsamhet and their extenal communication with collaborators. I have done three intervjues with three of Ung företagsamhets 24 district in Sweden, and these are Kalmar, Jönköping and Skåne. My qustions conserns their rethoric and strategic communications channales, and the focus lies in their external communications with collaborators. I have also made a secondary data analysis about their media coverage and seen how they consciously works with it.

Ung Företagsamhet is a non-profit organization that need good partnerships in order to survive financially. My analysis shows that the three different regions works variously with their external communication. All of the regions focus on targetgroups, but use different characteristics for attract them. The media coverge differs slightly from region to region, but the most common use of media channals is the newspaper.

My theses came to the result that you can succed with different kind of communications, and that the main thing is to create a good relationship between you and your partner. My conclusion is also that regions must have the courage to try new forum to spread their message.

In this paper treat the usage of 3D as planning tool for local planning and roadprojecting. The goal with the project is to develop a 3D model over an area in Kalmar with theories within information design and communication with maps.

The main purpose is to examine how an urban environment in 3D can develop to become a help in the planning process and the dialogue with the citizens of Kalmar and press. With support in theories and a qualitative examination through a user test examine the problem question: How is it possible to develop a three-dimensional region with intension to facilitate planning of new construction at Norra Kvarnholmen and Malmfjärden starting from theories in communication process and communication with maps? How can the main users creating objects in the mentioned milieu placing chosen buildings and traffic problems?

The result and conclusion of the examination show that the pictures and film sequences from a 3D model is a valuable tool in planning and in meaning of having a dialogue with their target group.

The underlying question for this project was, how do you create a solid platform for art on the internet and how do you visualize the art in a good way?

The technology used during the project was ASP.NET 3.5 with the programming language C#. To handle the datastorage MsSql Server 2005 was choosen. Plenty of time and effort was spent around AJAX and the creation of own AJAX Extenders, mainly for the imageviewing part.

ImageGallery is a AJAX Extender that works like a simplyfied imagegallery, its used to visualize the artworks in a interactive way.

The project resulted in a ready to use application targeted for artists that want to publish their works online. Visitors can affect the imageviewing in a interactive way. Other functions that are available to them are the possiblity to comment, rate and filter artworks. The administrators for the website can handle news, users, categories and techniques.

We have studied the effects that blogs have on the society through interviews with influential bloggers, a news director and the founder of Sweden’s largest blogprovider.

Existing theoretical work by other researchers have been used as a starting point to our thesis. Via a deductive method we then proceeded to test these existing models and viewpoints on the reality.

Through our research we have concluded that blogs, if they co-operate, have an agenda-setting function, and that they can affect newspapers to write about certain topics.

We have also discussed blogs role as media watch dogs. Gunilla Sax, news director, questions the blog world’s ability to fully cover all media, and to deliver a systematic and just review of the media. Through her reasoning we have come to think that it is vital the blog society continues to evolve and mature, and we suggest that there might be a need for some sort of interest organization to coordinate the highly decentralized blog community.

Blogs can either be seen as a complement to the news-industry, or as an alternative. Respondents reflect about several differences amongst newspapers and blogs, mainly regarding the methods of work. However, they also confirm what, for example, Bruns (2008) and Våge et al. (2005) writes about the co-dependence that exists between regular newsmedia and the blog community.

ABSTRACT

Authors: Andersson Pernilla, Thioubou Banna

Title:  Communication and types of leadership: an example from the Swedish Military Organisation

Level:  BA Thesis in Media and Communication Studies

Key words:  Leadership, charisma, directorship/manager, leader, communication

Purpose: The aim with this study  entitled "communication and leadership: an example from the Swedish military organisation”, was to get better insight about leadership and communication in the Swedish army. In this purpose, we used organisational theories as well as communication theories to illustrate and support our study and statements.

Method: our empirical data was based on a qualitative study but we even carried out a quantitative study, since a survey had been made. The purpose with the survey was to get, from people chosen randomly in the city of Kalmar, opinions and thoughts about leadership and communication in the Swedish army. We even did some deep interviews with former and present officers in Swedish army, in order to develop our study.

Results: At the end of our study we were able to say that there were different types of leadership, depending on the type of organisation. The Swedish army has a distinct structure when it comes to leadership and communication. However, even if the structure is based on a hierarchical pyramid, meaning that all the final decisions are the prerogative of the commanders, it is more and more common to initiate dialogue in this organisation. The lack of knowledge and prejudices are the main reasons why the Swedish military organisation is not well known. Another reason, based on the results from our survey, might be the lack of external communication from the army’s side.

Number of pages:  60 plus appendix

Program: Program for International Communications

University: Kalmar University

Institution: Institution of Communication and Design

Period: Spring 2009

Examiner: Sara Hamqvist

Tutor: Britt-Marie Ringfjord

In a community where copyright and intellectual property law is getting more attention in the media, it is important for companies to be aware of their possession of software licenses. In this thesis we are going to investigate the awareness of the software licensing situation in some companies. To collect data that can be analyzed, we are interviewing companies. The interviews are performed by phone or e-mail. A similar report hasn’t been done before therefore it’s an interesting subject to look at.

The interviews resulted in answers from 11 companies. The answers showed that the awareness about software licensing among the companies had big variations. Some other things that varied among the companies were the size of the companies and the usage of software licensing policy within the companies. The way and method of handling software licensing also varied among the companies.

A lot of software programs, along with folders and Excel-lists dominated the method of handling software licenses among the companies. Software developing companies together with their interest organization for example BSA has demands on companies using their software to have a foreseeable documentation for the software licenses. They gladly see that the companies uses a best practice method to manage their license possessions, one best practice method is Software Asset Management, SAM.

It is hard to recommend a method for software license management to a non-specific company, because every company has a unique organization and computer network structure. Most of the big license management software is following a best practice method for software license management.

This study intends to examine the characters of online forums available on the web editions of local newspapers in Sweden. It examines the opportunities for these online forums to serve as arenas for public debate supporting the strive towards a democracy characterized by active citizen participation with deliberative qualities.

Research shows an increase in numbers of Internet users globally and in Sweden. It also shows that more and more people read their news on the online editions of the daily news papers. One of the functions the Swedish government expects the media to have in society is to serve as a forum for debate. How online forums of daily news papers web eitions can help the media to fulfill this expectation is one of the main issues studied.

The study focuses on observations of quantitative data concerning the activity in these forums. The amount of articles the web editor made possible to comment was counted as well as the user contributions to the discussion in the forum.

The characteristics of the debate were examined in a qualitative manner with the intention to find out more about the nature of the conversation. The observations were complemented with interviews with 6 people working with the web edition of the three daily news papers we studied. The interviews gave a better understanding of how the different online editions were organized and the issues they are facing.

The result of the study show that the forum function was well used and that the local news was the most important for readers to discuss. The web editions examined had all different ways of handling moderation as well as reasoning around which articles to choose for debate. One paper made all articles available for public debate, another only a selection. The dialogue was held according to the rules written on the edition of how to debate. The forum showed clear signs of conversation, such as comments from participants addressing other participants. The comments were written in a serious form but not entirely impartial which would be correct in a deliberative perspective. There were also a lot of unique signatures among the forum participants which indicates a broad debate.

In summary, the online forums moderated by the newspapers are well suitable as tools to stimulate a more active citizen participation in the democratization process. However, to ensure more active citizens, more resources, competence and finances are needed to enable the editorial staff to develop and implement the functions for user interaction and participation. There is no doubt there are already a vast number of citizens in society ready to use them.

Time can be characterized as the fourth dimension of the physical space-time continuum. Time is either a particular instant at which a structure or a process exists or occurs, or a period over which a structure endures or a process continues. From the human point of view, a concrete system can move in any direction on the spatial dimension, but only forward on the temporal dimension. GIS systems generally deal with static information. Static objects can be defined as objects that do not change in a short time period. In many situations, the information in GIS applications does change dynamically. Environmental problems, for example, have a significant dynamic component, which means that the conditions of the real system, at the time the decision is made, are the results of all the past history of the system and influence its subsequent behavior. Dynamicallity in a process may be possible to measure. The measure should include components such as size of change, frequencies of change, and time interval. The dynamicallity of a system should, in addition, include the need of change in representation (for example, how often must the screen be updated) and how time-critical decisions are. Time can be represented by a series of snapshots, and the shorter time periods between the snapshots, the more it imitates a continuous course of events. The time lapse is represented by a minimum of two pictures, up to complete animation. Real time and presentation time are not necessarily the same, as it is desirable to shorten very long time lapses (for example geological changes), and lengthen (prolong) rapid time lapses (such as explosions). We define presentation time as a relation between observation interval (time interval between observations) and picture rate (the rate of changing pictures on the screen). In this paper, some functions for handling dynamic information in GIS systems are presented.

The city of Kalmar has a desire that their 3D maps of the city should come to a greater use and get residents more involved in Kalmar city. The purpose of this report is to show one way to work with these 3D maps when it comes to presenting information about Kalmar for its residents and tourists in a specific area.  The report also includes information about advantages and disadvantages with the use of 2D and 3D maps in different environments. Various reports and other sources indicate an interest in 3D and a use for this, but even that 2D is still seen as a natural way to read a map. By collecting information from relevant literature, interviews and user testing, the group has obtained sufficient background information to present the results of a web site, where the visitor can navigate in both 2D and 3D in a specific area of Kalmar. User tests and surveys have been conducted in two rounds and the web site has been revised after their results.

Titel: Disneyprinsessor och superhjältar –

en analys av BR Leksakers och Toys ”R” Us julkataloger

Författare: Ida Axelsson Fryklund

Kurs: Högskolan i Kalmar

Institutionen för kommunikation och Design

Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap 61-90 hp

Termin: Höstterminen -07

Sidantal: 45

Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen är att ta reda på vilka budskap gällande

genus som två av Sveriges största leksaksaffärer sänder ut via sina

leksakskataloger

Metod: Kvantitativ analys

Kvalitativ analys - semiotisk bildanalys

Huvudresultat: Resultatet visade att det är en uppdelning mellan vilka leksaker

som porträtteras med flickor och de som porträtteras med pojkar i

katalogerna. Flickorna leker exempelvis mer med dockor medan

pojkarna i större utsträckning leker med bilar än flickorna.

Flickorna porträtteras ofta i hemmiljöer och är passiva och

pojkarna i arbetsmiljöer och i aktiva situationer.

Nyckelord: Genus, BR Leksaker, Toys ”R” Us, leksakskataloger, leksaker,semiotisk bildanalys, kvantitativ analys, kvalitativ analys, barn och genus, reklam, leksaksreklam

Did the mass media report in a different way about the real estate tax before the Swedish national election 2006 than they did after the election? If there were differences, what could be the cause?

This study aims to answer these questions by using a quantitative analysis of articles about the real estate tax published in the Dagens Nyheter (DN), the biggest morning daily.

The summer before the election, the ‘Alliance’, (the non-socialist coalition, launched an election promise to abolish the real estate tax. Instead they planned to introduce a low community charge.The Alliance won the election and formed a government to implement their election promise.

The analysis was made on all the published articles in DN that covered the real estate tax issue. In total there were 43 such articles. These where all published between the launch of the campaign promise until the electionday and a month before the proposal was launched 19/9 2007, until the proposal was implemented in 2008.

The study results in three interesting conclusions. After the election, when the election promise was about to become political reality, DN reported more negatively about this specific issue. The genre of the articles varied heavily before and after the election. Before the election more news articles where published than after the election and the letters-to-the-editor about the real estate tax were published almost only before the election. This study also treats the intresting phenomenon that the Alliance, before the election, had the power to define their election promise but after the election they seem to have lost this power and instead the real estate tax question was defined by the media. The Alliance claimed that they would  ”abolish the real estate tax and introduce a low community charge” and DN used this definition in their newspaper. After the election, DN reported about the election as a new real estate tax, which is a very different thing.

This survey's main purpose is to highlight how the two Swedish newspapers Aftonbladet and Dagens Nyheter writes and describes four different school shootings. We wanted to find out if there is a general pattern of how school shootings are reported by the media. Two of the shootings occured in USA, Columbine and Virginia Tech, and two in Finland, Kauhajoki and Jokela. The analysis aims at three areas: the whole event, the perpetrator and the victim.

We have used a qualitative content analysis with a semiotic model to examine the articles in the survey. The theories in the study is based upon views on social constructionism, media logic, stereotypization, representation, morale panic/media panic and media events. With the foundation of our chosen theories we have seen a certain amount of articles that is slightly perfunctory and you can tell a template have been layed upon many articles.

One of our conclusions from our survey is that Aftonbladet is a more frequent user of indecent and powerful metaphores and metonymies than Dagens Nyheter. For example is the term bloodbath used a couple of times by Aftonbladet but not by Dagens Nyheter. We have also found out that the perpetrator is generally described as a stereotype when his bad qualities are strenghten and his good qualities are ironed out.

This study examined by content analysis and semiotic picture analysis how gender equal the UK newspaper The Times, the U.S/Iranian nespaper Iran Times International and Swedish newspaper Svenska Dagbladet were May 1^st 2009 and May 8^th 2009. The study had a foundation of feminist theory about patriarchy and gender theory with a contribution of research about race and its impact on patriarchy.

None of the three papers were fully gender equal. Even though Svenska Dagbladet was found to be the most gender equal when it came to the number of women represented all of the newspapers examined showed patriachal structures since women more often than men were described as victimes, trivialized, incompetent and inferior.  People with a race other than white were in minority but patriarchy seems to be a stronger form of oppression than racism. White men were in majority and were less opressed than other groups and were because of that most in favour of the newspapers symbolic powers.

Det här examensarbetet är utfört på uppdrag av AB Järnforsens Stoppmöbler i Järnforsen som vill ha en ny webbplast med ett rikt användargränssnitt.

Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka vilka moderna webbteknologier som lämpar sig bäst för att presentera och visualisera data. Målet har varit att designa och implementera en fungerande webbplats till företaget med användning av vald teknik.

Arbetet baseras på teoristudier samt en kvalitativ empirisk undersökning med hjälp av prototyp och användartest. Undersökningens resultat har analyserats och ligger till grund för den nya webbapplikationen utformning.

Analysen av denna undersökning antyder att genom att tillföra webbplatsen ny funktionalitet, har användarna fått mer information om företagets produkter.

Användning av Ajax-tekniken har reducerat tiden för uppdatering av information.

The word risk originates from the Italian word risicare which means to dare and from this point of view, risk is more of a choice than a fate. Risk is about the actions that we dare to take and these in turn depend on the freedom we have to make choices (Bernstein, 1998). It can also be defined as the possibility of harm or loss to any resource within an information system, which accentuate the importance of identifying the organisation's assets (Ramachandran, 2002).

The obvious fact that information is one of the most important asset within a company, results in that it is necessary to try to predict the risks that exists against these and consequently also against the organisation's goals and visions. It is impossible to identify all potential risks but a very good tool for identifying as many as possible and then assigning them appropriate protective measures, is the risk analysis.

Since many significant security processes are built upon risk analysis and also security planning, it is necessary that the analysis is accomplished in an accurate way. This meaning that factors in the inner and outer surrounding environment that could affect the final result also must be taken into consideration, e.g. different communication channels. Thus, a holistic perspective is necessary when performing a risk analysis but also when working with security issues in general.

Today, security solutions are often focused on technology and not on the system as a whole (Schneier, 2000) and considering that development and use of technology has lead us to think in terms of systems, we mean that this should hold for the information security area as well. Also the fact that the concept of wholeness is very important in information security and that general system theory is a general science of wholeness (v. Bertalanffy, 1969), makes us wonder: what could be more suitable to apply on security issues?

For that reason, we present some ideas for a modified risk analysis method in this paper, based upon an existing risk analysis used by the case study object The Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies, Apoteket AB. They has recently added two customer care centres to its organisation and as a result of this, also a number of communication channels that are integrated with different information sources that contains classified information, e.g. personal particulars. The ideas of a modified risk analysis could be used by customer care centre organisations using several communication channels. These ideas are influenced by general systems theory that has been combined with a method used to analyse information flows in organisations. We have studied the company's existing risk analysis method and in combination with qualitative data, e.g. interviews, we have some suggestions of a risk analysis that emphasises the holistic perspective and the relations between the different entities in the overall information system.

The suggested ideas will be reviewed together with the department of IT-security at Apoteket AB and after that tested within the organisation. It is noticeable that like all work with information security, the suggested method is a cyclic process that constantly develops and undergoes changes in relation to its dynamic context. Results and feedback from this implementation will be presented in forthcoming papers during 2004.