Engaging in productive struggle during problem-solving activities can be viewed as critical to learning mathematics. In this paper, we explore how mathematical praxeologies can be utilized to describe students’ struggle with mathematical problem-solving. The results indicate that the students’ productive struggle with an optimization problem involving functions, graphs, and derivatives, contains long sequences where the students switch rapidly within and between mathematical praxeologies. During the work session as a whole, the students mix coherent arguments with tentative and on occasion unproductive arguments focusing on technology. One notable exception among these attempts is a theoretical moment where the students reduce the complexity of a previous subtask by deducing a general equation which provides them with key ideas on how to solve the given task.

In this chapter we explore how an innovative mobile learning activity, designed by the authors can be implemented by mathematics classroom teachers. The focal part of the activity involves spatial orientation tasks that are executed with the support of customized mobile technologies in an outdoor setting. In this chapter, we present a comprehensive account of our research efforts spanning a five-year period and focus on providing didactical and technological support for teachers’ informed orchestration of the technology enabled learning activity.