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Fagerberg, N., Seifert, S., Seifert, T., Lohmander, P., Alissandrakis, A., Magnusson, B., . . . Bader, M.-F. K. F. (2023). Prediction of knot size in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in Sweden. Forest Ecology and Management, 544, Article ID 121206.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prediction of knot size in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in Sweden
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2023 (English)In: Forest Ecology and Management, ISSN 0378-1127, E-ISSN 1872-7042, Vol. 544, article id 121206Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The size of knots is negatively correlated with bending strength in sawn timber and it is therefore used as a quality grading criterion in national roundwood grading standards. Some standards even use the size of the largest knot as the sole estimate for individual log knottiness. The size of knots is determined by crown horizontal extension, which in turn is dependent on the impact of competing trees. Thus, with knot size models that are competition-dependent, roundwood quality due to knottiness can be simulated for different management al-ternatives. However, these types of models, calibrated on uneven-sized Norway spruce in Fennoscandia, are currently not available. Therefore, the objective of this study is to develop a competition-dependent model framework for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, for application within uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. Data from terrestrial laser scanning of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden are used to calibrate a modular prediction framework, consisting of interlinked allometric statistical models. Alternative framework sub-models are presented and the preferred model combination can be selected according to context and available input data. The flexible modular format enables further development of separate sub-components for adaptation to growing conditions not covered by the current calibration range.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023
Keywords
Branch model, Stem quality, Uneven-aged, Picea abies, Continuous cover forestry, Crown shape
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-124635 (URN)10.1016/j.foreco.2023.121206 (DOI)001056125800001 ()2-s2.0-85163563754 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-09-15 Created: 2023-09-15 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N., Lohmander, P., Eriksson, O., Olsson, J.-O., Poudel, B. C. & Bergh, J. (2022). Evaluation of individual-tree growth models for Picea abies based on a case study of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden. Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, 37(1), 45-58
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Evaluation of individual-tree growth models for Picea abies based on a case study of an uneven-sized stand in southern Sweden
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2022 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research, ISSN 0282-7581, E-ISSN 1651-1891, Vol. 37, no 1, p. 45-58Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To develop recommendations for tree selection in Continuous Cover Forestry (CCF), access to valid tools for simulating growth at individual tree-level is necessary. To assist efforts to develop such tools, in this study, long-term observation data from two uneven-sized Norway spruce plots in southern Sweden are used to evaluate old and new individual-tree growth models (two established Swedish models, two new preliminary models and included as a reference, a Finnish model). The plots' historical management records and site conditions are the same, but their last thinning treatment differs. Observed diameter increment at tree-level is investigated in relation to treatment. Individual tree growth residuals of tested models are evaluated in relation to tree diameter, treatment, projection length and sensitivity to the predictor mean stand age. Furthermore, the relations between displayed residuals and basal area local competition are analysed. The analyses indicate that active thinning made annual diameter increment independent of tree diameter above a threshold level, while the absence of thinning supported a concave relationship. All tested models displayed a significant linear bias leading to overestimation of small trees' growth and increasing underestimations of larger trees' growth with tree diameter. All distance-independent models displayed residual trends related to local competition.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis Group, 2022
Keywords
Continuous Cover Forestry, single-tree growth models, selective cutting, uneven-aged, single-tree selection, growth prediction
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-110866 (URN)10.1080/02827581.2022.2037700 (DOI)000763179300001 ()2-s2.0-85125992696 (Scopus ID)2022 (Local ID)2022 (Archive number)2022 (OAI)
Available from: 2022-03-18 Created: 2022-03-18 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N., Olsson, J.-O., Lohmander, P., Andersson, M. & Bergh, J. (2022). Individual-tree distance-dependent growth models for uneven-sized Norway spruce. Forestry (London), 95, 634-646
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Individual-tree distance-dependent growth models for uneven-sized Norway spruce
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2022 (English)In: Forestry (London), ISSN 0015-752X, E-ISSN 1464-3626, Vol. 95, p. 634-646Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Individual tree selection (ITS) is one option to manage uneven-sized forest ecosystems. However, scientifically based field guidelines adapted to ITS and economic profitability are rare, often because there is a lack of suitable tree models to use in growth and treatment simulations. The objective of this study is to develop individual-tree distance-dependent growth models focusing on Norway spruce dominated uneven-sized stands. Three models of different complexity, but with the same structural basis, are presented, followed by some examples of growth patterns for the subject trees. The data include 1456 trees (307 sample trees) collected from five sites in southern Sweden. The basic model (S) depends on subject tree size as the predictor, the second model (SD) adds distance to competitors as a predictor, and the third model (SDC) adds crown ratio as a predictor to the structure. R-Adj(2) increases with number of predictors from 0.48 to 0.58 to 0.62. The levels of RMSE improve accordingly from 5.02 cm(2) year(-1) (S) to 4.43 cm(2) year(-1) (SD) and 4.26 cm(2) year(-1) (SDC). The present calibration range and model structures primarily make the models suitable for management simulation of individual-tree selection of Norway spruce in southern Sweden. The format of the models allows for further extension with additional predictors and calibration data with greater coverage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oxford University Press, 2022
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-112972 (URN)10.1093/forestry/cpac017 (DOI)000791200100001 ()2-s2.0-85158008435 (Scopus ID)2022 (Local ID)2022 (Archive number)2022 (OAI)
Available from: 2022-05-23 Created: 2022-05-23 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N. (2022). Individual-tree-selection in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in southern Sweden: Developments of tools for simulation and optimization. (Doctoral dissertation). Växjö: Linnaeus University Press
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Individual-tree-selection in uneven-sized Norway spruce stands in southern Sweden: Developments of tools for simulation and optimization
2022 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Individual-tree-selection (ITS) is a continuous cover forestry method that aims to utilize the uneven-sized stand structure through optimized individual tree selections. ITS is an interesting management alternative to rotation forestry in terms of production of multiple benefits and forest owner profitability. With regard to Fennoscandia, ITS is currently only practiced to a limited extent, partly because of a scarcity in knowledge and skills among all stakeholders, but also due to the shortage of scientific guidelines for how optimized tree selections are performed in practice. Thus, the aim of the thesis is to develop tools for optimizing practical ITS recommendations for Norway spruce.

Tree position data for model fitting were collected from five trial sites in southern Sweden, one of which was documented with terrestrial laser scanning to get crown shape data for knot size modelling. A method that optimizes the target diameter dependent on the discount rate and the degree of the local competition exposed to the subject tree, was developed. Technically, a defined adaptive control function was optimized with full system stochastic simulation and with expected present value as the objective function variable. Since the quality of the optimization is dependent on the quality of the models in the simulation, priority was given to the evaluation and development of the central models. Available individual tree growth models were tested and evaluated with tree data from long term uneven-sized trial plots. Furthermore, new individual-tree distance-dependent growth models were developed for uneven-sized Norway spruce. A modelling framework, for prediction of the largest knot size per stem height section, was developed to provide means of simulating log quality depending on impact from local tree competitors.

The results indicated that the thinning intensity in uneven-sized stand structures may be used to actively control the transition point where smaller diameter classes are subjected to suppressed growth. The evaluation of the Swedish individual-tree growth models which are included in the HEUREKA forest simulator, showed underestimation of large trees and overestimation of small trees. The underestimation is smaller or absent in denser forests for diameter classes above 40 cm. The new distance-dependent growth models are presented in two versions, one with and one without crown ratio as a predictor. The new growth models facilitate the testing of spatial decision criteria in ITS optimization. From the results of the ITS optimization, field operators can choose either a fixed level target diameteror a flexible target diameter that is adaptive to the degree of local competition surrounding the subject tree. Optimal fixed target diameters at breast height range from 33 cm to 23 cm depending on discount rate (1–3 %). A decision support structure for ITS is proposed.

Abstract [sv]

Kontinuitetsskogsbruk, eller som det ofta benämns hyggesfritt skogsbruk, kännetecknas av brukningsmetoder som undviker kalhyggesfasen. Kontinuitetsskogsbruk kan i sin tur delas upp i två huvudkategorier, enskiktad respektive skiktad skogsskötsel, beroende på vilken beståndsstruktur som skötseln eftersträvar. I skiktad skogsskötsel fattas avverkningsbesluten antingen per trädgrupp (luckhuggning) eller per enskilt träd (individuella trädval). Denna avhandling fördjupar sig i metoden skiktad skogsskötsel med individuella trädval. Det svenska begreppet plockhuggning kan anses vara synonymt till individuella trädval under förutsättning att träden ”plockas” och ”huggs” efter medvetna överväganden om skogens långsiktiga avkastning.

Nyligen redovisad forskning i Norden visar att skiktad barrskogsskötsel med individuella trädval har möjlighet att skapa en högre andel total nytta från skogsmarken samt ofta även en bättre lönsamhet för skogsägaren jämfört med traditionellt kalhyggesbruk. Idag tillämpas dock plockhuggning i olika former endast på mindre än 1 % av skogsarealen i de nordiska länderna. En huvudorsak till detta är att det finns bristande kunskaper och färdigheter hos alla intressenter (skogsägare, entreprenörer och rådgivare). Den uppkomna situationen beror sannolikt även på att forskningen endast i begränsad utsträckning har presenterat fältanpassade vägledningar för hur de individuella trädvalen bör utföras för att optimera den långsiktiga avkastningen.

I en beslutssituation där ett specifikt träd utvärderas ifall det ska avverkas eller inte, kommer beslutet att påverka alla omgivande träd som delar tillväxtresurser med det aktuella trädet (trädets trädgrupp). Av de två tillgängliga beslutsalternativen, är det optimalt att välja det alternativ som ger högst värdeavkastning för hela trädgruppen. Det är ett komplext beslut med många dimensioner. Förutsättningarna är dessutom unika för varje träd och påverkas av dynamiska processer som förändras över tid. En optimering av generella besluts kriterier blir endast möjligt om problemställningen avgränsas och delas upp i hanterbara delproblem, där de mest inflytelserika variablerna inkluderas i analysen. Kompletterande analyser som hanterar olika delproblem kan sedan slås ihop till heltäckande beslutsvägledningar. Oavsett val av optimeringsmetod är grunden för sådana analyser att det finns tillgång till tillförlitliga och representativa simuleringsmodeller.

Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att undersöka sambanden mellan ekonomisk avkastning, skötsel och rundvirkeskvalitet för grandominerad skiktad skogsskötsel i södra Sverige. Under arbetets gång har detta, inom ovangivna ramar, specificerats till:

  1. att undersöka hur årsringsbredden beror på trädstorlek och gallringsuttag (artikel I).
  2. att utvärdera tillförlitligheten för befintliga tillväxtmodeller för enskilda träd (artikel I).
  3. att utveckla tillväxtmodeller för enskilda träd som är avståndsberoende (artikel II).
  4. att optimera beslutskriterier för individuella trädval i fält (artikel III).
  5. att utveckla en modell för största kviststorlek beroende av lokal konkurrens och position på stammen (artikel IV).

Underlaget för analyserna har i huvudsak hämtats från fem olika provytor i Götaland bestående av grandominerad skiktad granskog med lång kontinuitet och mer eller mindre aktiv skötsel.

Resultaten indikerar att i skiktade bestånd kan storleken på gallringsuttaget användas för att aktivt påverka den brösthöjdsdiameter där mindre diameterklasser får en hämmad tillväxt. Detta innebär att årsringsutvecklingen hos de mindre träden, vilket är en viktig kvalitetsregel, skulle kunna kontrolleras genom anpassning av gallringsuttaget. När de befintliga tillväxtmodellerna (för enskilda träd) testades på skiktad granskog, visade resultaten att tillväxten överskattades för små träd och underskattades för stora träd. När grundytan är hög försvinner underskattningen för stora träd med en brösthöjdsdiameter över 40 cm. Som ett alternativ till HEUREKA-modellerna presenteras nya avståndsberoende tillväxtmodeller för enskilda träd, som är anpassade för skiktad granskog. Med dessa tillväxtmodeller är det möjligt att studera betydelsen av avstånden mellan konkurrerande träd för det individuella trädvalet.

Vidare presenteras en modellstruktur för att beräkna storleken på den största kvisten på en given höjd på stammen. Modellen tar även hänsyn till graden av lokal konkurrens runt det enskilda trädet. Modellstrukuren består av en uppsättning delmodeller som beskriver allometriska statistiska samband mellan några centrala fysiska proportioner hos granar i skiktade bestånd. Den modulära konstruktionen gör modellen anpassningsbar och den kan användas för att uppskatta förväntad rundvirkeskvalitet, avseende på tillåten kviststorlek.

En metod som optimerar måldiametern hos det enskilda trädet beroende på vald diskonteringsränta samt graden av konkurrens runt trädet redovisas. Det optimerade resultatet presenteras i diagramform som kan användas som beslutsstöd direkt i fält. Beslutsstödet är anpassat för medelgoda till bördiga grandominerade ståndorter i södra Sverige. Optimal måldiameter, när ingen hänsyn tas till den lokala konkurrensen, var mellan 33 cm och 23 cm beroende på räntenivå (1–3 %). Slutligen presenteras ett förslag till beslutsstruktur för optimerade individuella trädval i fält, beskrivet med ett konkret exempel.

Avhandlingen presenterar exempel på metodik och resultat som kan användas för att ta fram rekommendationer som optimerar trädvalen, men resultaten täcker endast en begränsad del av möjliga förutsättningar. Den mesta forskningen återstår således att göra för att täcka in fler geografiska områden, ståndorter, trädslag och beslutskriterier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2022. p. 58
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 467
Keywords
continuous cover forestry, selective cutting, Picea abies, uneven-aged, single-tree-selection, growth model, knot size model
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-116633 (URN)10.15626/LUD.467.2022 (DOI)9789189709478 (ISBN)9789189709461 (ISBN)
Public defence
2022-10-28, N1017, Hus N, Växjö, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2015-13600-30399-30
Available from: 2022-10-06 Created: 2022-10-05 Last updated: 2025-03-06Bibliographically approved
Lohmander, P. & Fagerberg, N. (2022). Statistics and Mathematics of General Control Function Optimization for Continuous Cover Forestry, with a Swedish Case Study based on Picea abies. Asian Journal of Statistical Sciences, 2(1), 1-35
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Statistics and Mathematics of General Control Function Optimization for Continuous Cover Forestry, with a Swedish Case Study based on Picea abies
2022 (English)In: Asian Journal of Statistical Sciences, ISSN 2582-9912, Vol. 2, no 1, p. 1-35Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Continuous cover forests contain large numbers of spatially distributed trees of different sizes. The growth of a particular tree is a function of the properties of that tree and the neighbor trees, since they compete for light, water and nutrients. Such a dynamical system is highly nonlinear and multidimensional. In this paper, a particular tree is instantly harvested if a control function based on two local state variables, S and Q, is satisfied, where S represents the size of the particular tree and Q represents the level of local competition. The control function has two parameters. An explicit nonlinear present value function, representing the total value of all forestry activities over time, is defined. This is based on the parameters in the control function, now treated as variables, and six new parameters. Explicit functions for the optimal values of the two parameters in the control function are determined via optimization of the present value function. Two equilibria are obtained, where one is a unique local maximum and the other is a saddle point. An equation is determined that defines the region where the solution is a unique local maximum. Then, a case study with a continuous cover Picea abies forest, in southern Sweden, is presented. A new growth function is estimated and used in the simulations. The following procedure is repeated for five alternative levels of the interest rate: The total present value of all forest management activities in the forest, during 300 years, is determined for 1000 complete system simulations. In each system simulation, different random combinations of control function parameters are used and the total present value of all harvest activities is determined. Then, the parameters of the present value function are estimated via multivariate regression analysis. All parameters are determined with high precision and high absolute t-values. The present value function fits the data very well. Then, the optimal control function parameters and the optimal present values are analytically determined for alternative interest rates. The optimal solutions found within the relevant regions are shown to be unique maxima and the solutions that are saddle points are located far outside the relevant regions. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
ARF India, 2022
National Category
Forest Science Probability Theory and Statistics
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology; Statistics/Econometrics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-125725 (URN)2-s2.0-85168221481 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-11-20 Created: 2023-11-20 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N. (2021). Some specific sub-models for simulation of uneven-sized Norway spruce: within contexts of forest management, stem quality and tree growth. Växjö: Linnaeus University, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Some specific sub-models for simulation of uneven-sized Norway spruce: within contexts of forest management, stem quality and tree growth
2021 (English)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

This report presents models that have been developed within a PhD project about continuous cover forestry systems. Each model is developed to serve as a sub-model to describe a specific process within a larger simulation or estimation context. The models are intended for use within simulation and optimization of continuous cover forestry management and competition-dependent branch size estimation. All models presented are representative for uneven-sized Norway spruce on moderate to fertile sites in southern Sweden, corresponding to site indexes between G27 and G34, and latitudes between 56° and 58°.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology, 2021. p. 20
Keywords
Uneven-sized, Norway spruce, tree height, whorl ordinal number, branch angle, tree crown, branch length, ingrowth, harvesting costs, timber share
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107671 (URN)
Projects
Continuous cover forestry systems: interaction between management practice, wood quality and economic viability
Available from: 2021-10-25 Created: 2021-10-25 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Olsson, J.-O. & Fagerberg, N. (2019). En avståndsberoende tillväxtmodell på trädnivå för gran: en preliminär modell baserad på två skiktade bestånd i Götaland. Växjö: Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik
Open this publication in new window or tab >>En avståndsberoende tillväxtmodell på trädnivå för gran: en preliminär modell baserad på två skiktade bestånd i Götaland
2019 (Swedish)Report (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The report describes parameterization and testing of a single tree growth model for simulation purposes of uneven-sized Norway spruce stands. The model includes local competition in terms of distance and size of competing trees larger than 6 cm dbh. Response variable is annual basal area growth. Parameter values are based on 101 sample trees from two uneven-sized Spruce dominated stands located in Värnamo and Östra Göinge municipalities, Sweden. The model was tested by first reconstructing stand development five years, based on growth data from sample trees. Coefficient of determination for the complete model was 0,67, compared to 0,55 for the basic model without local competition. Residual analyses revealed no visible trends.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för skog och träteknik, 2019. p. 15
Keywords
tillväxtmodell, Picea abies, kontinuitetsskogsbruk, avståndsberoende, enskilda träd
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-80647 (URN)
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 2015-13600-30399-30
Note

Arbetsrapport inom doktorandprojektet System för kontinuitetsskogsbruk.

Available from: 2019-02-19 Created: 2019-02-19 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N. (2013). Lönsamhet i kontinuitetsskogsbruk i jämförelse med trakthyggesbruk: en litteraturöversikt. Landsbro: Ulvsåkra
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Lönsamhet i kontinuitetsskogsbruk i jämförelse med trakthyggesbruk: en litteraturöversikt
2013 (Swedish)Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Place, publisher, year, pages
Landsbro: Ulvsåkra, 2013. p. 6
Keywords
kontinuitetsskogsbruk, hyggesfritt skogsbruk, lönsamhet, skogsskötsel
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31603 (URN)
Available from: 2014-02-10 Created: 2014-01-23 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N. (2013). Volymproduktion i kontinuitetsskogsbruk i jämförelse med trakthyggesbruk: en litteraturöversikt. Landsbro
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Volymproduktion i kontinuitetsskogsbruk i jämförelse med trakthyggesbruk: en litteraturöversikt
2013 (Swedish)Other (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Place, publisher, year, pages
Landsbro: , 2013
Keywords
Kontinuitetsskogsbruk, hyggesfritt skogsbruk, volymproduktion, skogsskötsel
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-31606 (URN)
Available from: 2014-01-24 Created: 2014-01-23 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Fagerberg, N. (2012). Industrin eller skogsägarna - vems behov ska styra? (1ed.). In: Harald Holmberg (Ed.), Ett brott i skogen?: (pp. 129-133). Skellefteå: Ord & Visor förlag
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Industrin eller skogsägarna - vems behov ska styra?
2012 (Swedish)In: Ett brott i skogen? / [ed] Harald Holmberg, Skellefteå: Ord & Visor förlag , 2012, 1, p. 129-133Chapter in book (Other (popular science, discussion, etc.))
Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Skellefteå: Ord & Visor förlag, 2012 Edition: 1
Keywords
familjeskogsbruk, industriskogsbruk, kontinuitetsskogsbruk, hyggesfritt skogsbruk
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-32207 (URN)9789186621513 (ISBN)
Available from: 2014-02-10 Created: 2014-02-10 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
Organisations
Identifiers
ORCID iD: ORCID iD iconorcid.org/0000-0001-7731-1593

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