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Assessing the Supportiveness of Healthcare Environments' Light and Color: Development and Validation of the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ)
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences. Region Kronoberg, Sweden. (Ctr Interprofess Cooperat Emergency Care CICE)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8847-6796
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Medicine and Optometry. Region Kronoberg, Sweden;Lund University, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3785-5630
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Health and Caring Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5719-7102
University of Gothenburg, Sweden.
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2021 (English)In: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, ISSN 1937-5867, E-ISSN 2167-5112, Vol. 14, no 2, p. 130-144Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Sustainable development
SDG 3: Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all ages
Abstract [en]

Aim: The aim of this study was to develop and evaluate a self-report instrument measuring patients', family members', and staff's perceived support from light and color in the physical environment of an emergency department (ED)-the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ). Background: The physical care environment is an important part of a comprehensive caring approach in all levels of care not only for patients but also for family members and staff. However, no existing self-report questionnaire assessing the extent to which light and color are perceived as being supportive in the physical care environment from the users' perspective was found. Method: The LCQ was developed as part of a pre-post study in which an ED serving 125,000 people was refurbished and remodeled using evidence-based design. The LCQ consists of six items for light and five items for color and assesses awareness/orientation, safety/security, functional abilities, privacy, personal control, and stimulation. The study was carried out in four steps: constructions of items, assessment of face validity, data collection, and data analysis. Result/Conclusion: Psychometric evaluation of the two versions, LCQ-Patient/Family member and LCQ-Staff, showed satisfactory content and internal validity (>90%) and high internal consistency (Cronbach's coefficient alpha = .9) to support the use of the questionnaire for research and development purposes. Explorative factor analysis of a total of 600 questionnaire responses confirmed light and color as distinctive and independent dimensions creating perceptions of more or less supportiveness for respondents. The LCQ instrument may be useful for architects, administrators, and researchers of healthcare environments.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2021. Vol. 14, no 2, p. 130-144
Keywords [en]
color, emergency department, family members, instrument development, light, patients, physical care environment, psychometrics, self-reported questionnaire, staff
National Category
Other Health Sciences
Research subject
Health and Caring Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-100285DOI: 10.1177/1937586720975209ISI: 000599535800001PubMedID: 33251862Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85096875867Local ID: 2020OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-100285DiVA, id: diva2:1520301
Available from: 2021-01-20 Created: 2021-01-20 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Optimerad fysisk vårdmiljö på akutmottagning: ur patienters, närståendes och personals perspektiv
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Optimerad fysisk vårdmiljö på akutmottagning: ur patienters, närståendes och personals perspektiv
2023 (Swedish)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aim: This dissertation called the COPE (Caring Optimized Physical Environment) project, aimed to evaluate the perceptions of patients, family members, and staff regarding support from the physical environment, with a focus on light, color, and person-centered climate, before and after there furbishment and remodeling of an emergency department (ED).

Methods: A quasi-experimental design was employed, implementing evidence-based design principles for light and color in the ED. The study evaluated the perceived support and person-centered climate among participants using a newly developed and validated questionnaire, the Light and Color Questionnaire (LCQ). It also validated a Swedish version of the Person-centered Climate Questionnaire for family members (PCQ-F). A total of 600 participants, including patients, family members, and staff, were included in the study.

Results: The scores for the perceptions of light and color and person centered climate were higher after the redesign than before for patients, family members, and staff. Thus, redesign of a healthcare environment based on knowledge and experience in light and color design corresponded with a positive change in self rated perceived support of that environment to all three groups: patients, family members, and staff. The redesign involved enhancing access to natural daylight by incorporating additional windows and diverse artificial lighting options. The redesign also included the use of color coding to facilitate way finding and uniform colors for shared floor surfaces and contrasting colors for non-patient areas to enhance safety.

Conclusion: The intervention, which focused on optimizing lighting and color in the ED, coincided with an increased perceived support from light and color for patients, family members, and staff. Further, the changes in light and color, along with the overall redesign, concurred with a higher score for perceived person-centered climate. These findings emphasize the importance of evidence-based design interventions and highlight the potential benefits they can bring to staff and patients in other health care settings.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linnaeus University Press, 2023. p. 110
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 487
Keywords
color, emergency department, family member, instrument development, light, nursing, patient, person-centered climate, physical care environment, psychometrics, questionnaire, staff, Swedish version
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Health and Caring Sciences, Caring Science
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-123795 (URN)10.15626/LUD.487.2023 (DOI)9789180820134 (ISBN)9789180820141 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-09-08, Weber, Hus K, Växjö, 10:00 (Swedish)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-08-17 Created: 2023-08-17 Last updated: 2025-05-07Bibliographically approved

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Lindahl, JeanetteThulesius, HansRask, MikaelElmqvist, Carina

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