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From source to sink: recovery of the carbon balance in young forests
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3468-9419
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0120-7420
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology. (KIG)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6115-7624
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2023 (English)In: Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, ISSN 0168-1923, E-ISSN 1873-2240, Vol. 330, article id 109290Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Sustainable development
SDG 7: Ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all, SDG 12: Ensure sustainable consumption and production patterns, SDG 13: Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts by regulating emissions and promoting developments in renewable energy, SDG 15: Protect, restore and promote sustainable use of terrestrial ecosystems, sustainably manage forests, combat desertification, and halt and reverse land degradation and halt biodiversity loss
Abstract [en]

We analyzed ecosystem carbon fluxes from eddy-covariance measurements in five young forests in southernSweden where the previous stand had been harvested by clear-cutting or wind-felled: three stands with Norwayspruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.), one with Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) and one with Larch (Larix x eurolepis A.Henry). One of the spruce stands had the stumps harvested, one was fertilized and one without any specialtreatments. These stands returned from positive (sources) to negative (sinks) annual carbon fluxes 8–13 yearsafter disturbance, depending on site productivity and management. This corresponds to approximately 15% ofthe rotation periods at these sites. Extrapolation in combination with chronosequence data suggests thatconventionally regenerated stands reach a neutral carbon balance after approximately 30% of the rotationperiod. The lowest carbon emissions and shortest recovery time was observed in a stand where the stumps of thetrees, in addition to the stems and logging residues, were removed after harvest. This stand not only returned to acarbon sink within this time period but the total carbon gains since disturbance also equaled the total losses afteronly 11 years. These results stress that production stands in southern Sweden are carbon sources during arelatively small part of the rotation period, and that this part can be considerably shortened by measures thatincrease productivity or reduce the amount of woody debris left after disturbance.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2023. Vol. 330, article id 109290
Keywords [en]
Carbon balance, Carbon sink, Carbon source, Eddy flux, Norway spruce, Silviculture
National Category
Climate Science Environmental Management Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-118172DOI: 10.1016/j.agrformet.2022.109290ISI: 000921476900001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85146018871OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-118172DiVA, id: diva2:1724511
Funder
Swedish Research Council Formas, 942-2015-1322Swedish Energy Agency, P36139-1Available from: 2023-01-08 Created: 2023-01-08 Last updated: 2025-02-10Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Carbon Sequestration in Young Norway Spruce Stands: The Effects of Fertilization
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Greenhouse Gas Fluxes and Carbon Sequestration in Young Norway Spruce Stands: The Effects of Fertilization
2023 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The enormous challenge of climate change is discussed and debated today because of its major impact on life on Earth. The forests have an important role to play as the plants absorb carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere through their photosynthesis and the growing tree retain carbon (C). Hence, the larger the growth the greater the carbon storage and climate benefit. The demand for wood and wood products is increasing as well as the ongoing debate about forest management. Therefore, alternative management methods to increase wood production is of interest and the effects these methods could have on climate change mitigation. In this context this Thesis deals with the effect of fertilization on carbon balance and growth in young forest as well as flows of the greenhouse gases, CO2, methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) from forest land. In addition, it deals also with the reliability and comparability of different measurement methods which are compared with respect to the carbon balance.

The studies have been carried out in a young mixed stand of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) and birch (Betula pendula and B.pubescens) on a storm-felled (Gudrun 2005) area in southern Sweden, Kronoberg county. Part of the area was fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 everysecond year from 2014 and forward, while the other part was kept unfertilized. In the unfertilized part a dose experiment was set up where 0,150, 300, and 450 kg N ha-1 were added to investigate the impact of the different fertilizer levels on forest floor greenhouse gas fluxes. Chamber measurements of forest floor fluxes, eddy-flux measurements of stand net-fluxes and tree measurements of height, diameter and birch leaf biomass were conducted in different, occasionally overlapping, periods in the years 2013-2021.

The results show that even if the flows of CO2 from the forest floor increase initially after a first standard fertilization, the effect decreases quickly. The net fluxes show that the stands become carbon sinks already eight years after the storm with a net uptake of about 18 ton CO2 ha-1 yr-1 of. The forest floor fluxes of CH4 and N2O also show a short-term effect of fertilization, however the levels are very low compared to CO2. The fertilization induced increase of total tree biomass growth increased with time. The results show that 12 and 15 years after regeneration, the fertilization compared to the control has increased the tree growth by 3.4 and 6.3 m3 ha-1 yr-1 and carbon storage by 4.7 and 8.7 ton C ha-1 yr-1 respectively.

Comparison of measurement results of the Eddy-flux technique's netflows and chamber measurements of soil respiration together with tree growth shows the importance of calibrating the measurement methods when the results are later to be used in modeling future climate scenarios.

Abstract [sv]

Den stora utmaningen med de pågående klimatförändringarna har sedan Kyotoprotokollet 1997 diskuterats med en ökande intensitet eftersom dessa har en avgörande inverkan på livet på jorden. Skogen har en viktig roll att spela då växterna genom sin fotosyntes tar upp koldioxid (CO2) från atmosfären och det växande trädet binder in kol (C). Ju högre tillväxten är, desto större är kolinlagringen och klimatnyttan. Efterfrågan på trä och träprodukter liksom den pågående debatten om skogsskötsel intensifierats. Därför är alternativa skogsskötselmetoder för att öka virkesproduktionen intressanta att studera liksom deras påverkan på klimatförändringarna. Med detta som bakgrund behandlar denna avhandling effekten av gödsling avseende skogens kolbalans, närmare bestämt tillväxt i ungskog samt flöden av växthusgaserna, CO2, metan (CH4) och lustgas (N2O) från skogsmark. Dessutom behandlar den tillförlitligheten i och jämförbarheten av olika mätmetoder med avseende på skogens kolbalans.

Studierna har genomförts i ett ungt blandbestånd av gran (Picea abies(L.) Karst) och björk (Betula pendula and Betula pubescens) på ett ca 60 hektar stort område, utanför Ljungby i Kronobergs län, som blåste ned istormen Gudrun år 2005. Under åren 2013 till 2021 genomfördes redovisade kammarmätningar av markflöden av växthusgaser, eddyfluxmätningar av växthusgasers nettoflöden på beståndsnivå, skogsuppskattning av trädslag, höjd och diameter samt insamling av björkblad. Mätningarna var delvis överlappande i tid. En del av området gödslades ett långtidsförsök med 150 kg kväve (N) per hektar vartannat år från 2014. Den andra delen behölls ogödslad. På en del av den ogödslade delen inrättades 2016 ett giveförsök där 0, 150, 300 och 450 kg N per hektar tillfördes för att undersöka de olika nivåernas påverkan på växthusgasflödena från marken.

Resultaten visar att även om flödet av koldioxid från marken intitialt ökar efter en första standardgödsling så avtar effekten snabbt. När kolinbindningen i växternas fotosyntes läggs till utflödena från marken blir bestånden kolsänkor, dvs de visar ett nettoupptag, redan åtta år efter stormfällningen. För skogsmark på mineraljord gäller att den generellt ären sänka för metan. I långtidsförsöket minskade denna sänka efter första gödslingen medan i det i giveförsöket behövdes dubbel kvävedos för att minskningen skulle bli signifikant. I samtliga fall fortsatte skogsmarken emellertid att ta upp metan. Flödena av lustgas från marken ökade direkt efter gödsling i försöket med upprepade gödslingar men ingen skillnad syntes åren efter. I giveförsöket var skillnaden inte signifikant även om bilden visar en uppåtgående trend med ökad gödselgiva. I markens flöden av växthusgaser utgör CH4 och N2O endast en bråkdel i jämförelse med CO2.

Mätningar av trädens tillväxt visade att både björk och gran svarar på upprepad ungskogsgödsling med ökad tillväxt, granen (4,2 m3 per hektar och år) i högre utsträckning än björken (2,1 m3 per hektar och år). Våra resultat visar också att gödslingen 12 och 15 år efter beståndsanläggningen ökat kolinlagringen i beståndet med 4,7 respektive 8,7 ton kol per hektar och år.

Jämförelse av mätresultat från Eddy-flux teknikens nettoflöden och kammarmätningarna av markrespiration tillsammans med trädens tillväxt visar på vikten av att kalibrera mätmetoderna när resultaten senare ska användas i modellering av framtida klimatscenarier.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2023. p. 68
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 508
Keywords
carbon balance, young mixed forests, Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Betula spp, chamber measurements, forest floor greenhouse gas fluxes, eddy-flux technology, above ground biomass, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, kolbalans, ung blandskog, Picea abies (L.) Karst.), Betula spp, kammarmätningar, markflöden av växthusgaser, eddy-fluxteknik, biomassa ovan jord, koldioxid, metan, lustgas
National Category
Forest Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-125118 (URN)10.15626/LUD.508.2023 (DOI)9789180820868 (ISBN)9789180820875 (ISBN)
Public defence
2023-11-06, N1017, N-hus, Linnéuniversitetet, Växjö, 10:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2023-10-11 Created: 2023-10-10 Last updated: 2025-03-13Bibliographically approved

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Grelle, AchimHåkansson, CharlottaBergh, Johan

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