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A participatory data-driven approach for unpaved road condition monitoring
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-2619-9137
Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2637-6175
2024 (English)In: Journal of Construction Project Management and Innovation, ISSN 2223-7852, Vol. 14, no 1, p. 57-71Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation, SDG 11: Make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient, and sustainable
Abstract [en]

Unpaved roads, usually found in rural and sparsely populated areas, are prone to dust, potholes, corrugations, rutting and loose gravel and deteriorate faster than paved roads. Thus, they require regular condition monitoring to keep them at the required level of service. However, the cost of condition assessment could be huge, considering how vast and far away they are from the cities. Currently, subjective visual surveys and manual methods for monitoring and assessing the condition of unpaved roads dominate, while data-driven objective methods are not commonly applied for maintenance planning and decision-making. The paper proposes a participatory data-driven approach for unpaved road condition monitoring based on the literature and an exploratory case study of road maintenance practices in Sweden and Zambia. Participatory data collection empowers regular unpaved road users to collect road condition data, for instance, by equipping their vehicles with the relevant data acquisition devices embedded with a global positioning system (GPS) as they drive on unpaved roads on a typical day. By integrating open data collection aligned with sustainable practices, regular unpaved road users (garbage collectors, postal service providers, and road owners) share the collected condition data with the road governing bodies and process it for Nowcasting and Forecasting the unpaved road condition, thus providing valuable information for condition monitoring of unpaved roads. Thus, road users can support long-term maintenance planning and decision-making, potentially improving unpaved road management and minimising the cost of collecting and evaluating unpaved road condition data. However, the participating road users require training in data acquisition, and the vehicles must be calibrated according to the sensor properties, vehicle vibration response and speed to ensure quality data collection. Based on the literature and the case study findings, participatory data collection for unpaved roads can provide an efficient and effective alternative for collecting road condition data, accomplishing broad coverage.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
University of Johannesburg , 2024. Vol. 14, no 1, p. 57-71
Keywords [en]
Unpaved roads, gravel roads, condition monitoring, nowcasting, forecasting, participatory data collection and sensing
National Category
Infrastructure Engineering Reliability and Maintenance
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Mechanical Engineering; Technology (byts ev till Engineering)
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-128627DOI: 10.36615/wmwdwh65OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-128627DiVA, id: diva2:1849466
Available from: 2024-04-08 Created: 2024-04-08 Last updated: 2026-01-14Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. A Participatory Approach to Objective and Data-driven Condition Assessment of Gravel Roads
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A Participatory Approach to Objective and Data-driven Condition Assessment of Gravel Roads
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Gravel roads play a vital role in transportation, particularly in rural and remote regions. They support essential sectors such as agriculture, forestry, tourism, and emergency services and can serve as access routes to remote natural resources or large onshore windmill farms. However, they deteriorate rapidly and rely on subjective, inconsistent and labour-intensive visual and manual condition assessment, often resulting in delayed maintenance interventions and costly maintenance actions. This dissertation addresses the need for improved condition assessment of gravel roads by integrating participatory approaches with objective data-driven methods. Overcoming the limitations of traditional assessment practices would enable broader network coverage, enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of defect detection, and support sustainable maintenance planning and informed decision-making.

The research is guided by Design Research Methodology, synthesising the six appended interrelated studies. These studies progress from problem identification and conceptual development to a case study and empirical field experiments to answer the three research questions (RQs): (1) How can objective data-driven approaches address the limitations of traditional approaches to enable efficient and effective assessment of gravel road conditions? (2) How can data-driven approaches and multi-source information enable reliable assessment of gravel road conditions and support maintenance planning and decision-making? (3) How can participatory and adaptive gravel road condition data collection enable sustainable condition assessment to support predictive and data-driven maintenance planning and decision-making?

Vehicle vibration response data (VVR) collected using Integrated Electronics Piezo-Electric accelerometers and smartphone sensors are analysed using statistical, spectral, and subband filtering techniques. The International Roughness Index (IRI) measurements, as well as videos and images of the gravel road condition, are also collected from Roadroid, an Android-based smartphone application, to complement the VVR and verify the actual defects on the gravel roads. A rule-based classification approach is developed and empirically validated using the collected field experiment data, enabling the detection of surface defects such as potholes, corrugations, and loose gravel. Multi-sensor integration and the sequential probability ratio test further enhance the robustness of the objective fault detection and condition classification for gravel roads. The findings from the Roadroid IRI measurements led to the refining of IRI thresholds for a four-class condition classification system.

The research also proposes a participatory and adaptive approach to collecting condition data. By involving regular gravel road users in collecting gravel road condition data, the proposed participatory data-driven approach to assessing gravel road conditions would increase the spatial coverage of the assessed gravel roads, which are mainly located in remote areas. At the same time, adaptive sampling optimises the data that is captured and stored without compromising accuracy, thus enabling more reliable, objective and sustainable gravel road condition assessments that would support predictive maintenance planning.

In conclusion, the dissertation demonstrates how objective, data-driven methods and the participatory approach can complement and gradually replace traditional subjective assessments, providing gravel road associations, municipalities, and road agencies with condition assessment approaches that enable broader assessment coverage, are efficient and effective, and are socially inclusive. By combining multi-source sensor data with stakeholder engagement, the research lays the foundation for sustainable, predictive, proactive and resilient gravel road management systems. It ultimately contributes to theory, method and practice in gravel road asset management.

Abstract [sv]

Grusvägar spelar en avgörande roll i transportsystemet, särskilt i landsbygds och glesbygdsområden. De stödjer viktiga samhällssektorer såsom jordbruk, skogsbruk, turism och räddningstjänst och kan även fungera som tillfartsvägar till avlägsna naturresurser eller stora landbaserade vindkraftsparker. Samtidigt försämras grusvägar snabbt och deras tillstånd bedöms i stor utsträckning genom subjektiva, inkonsekventa och arbetsintensiva visuella och manuella metoder, vilket ofta leder till fördröjda underhållsinsatser och kostsamma åtgärder. Mot denna bakgrund adresserar denna avhandling behovet av förbättrad tillståndsbedömning av grusvägar genom att integrera deltagarbaserade angreppssätt med objektiva, datadrivna metoder. Genom att hantera begränsningarna i traditionella bedömningsmetoder möjliggörs en bredare vägnätverkstäckning, ökad effektivitet och precision i skadedetektering samt stöd för hållbar underhållsplanering och välgrundade beslut.

Forskningen vägleds av Design Research Methodology och syntetiserar de sexstudierna som ingår i avhandlingen. Studiernaomfattar problemidentifiering och konceptuell utveckling till fallstudier och empiriska fältexperiment för att besvara tre forskningsfrågor (RQ): (1) Hur kan objektiva, datadrivna angreppssätt hantera begränsningarna i traditionella metoder för att möjliggöra en effektiv och ändamålsenlig bedömning av grusvägars tillstånd? (2) Hur kan datadrivna metoder och information från flera källor möjliggöra en tillförlitlig tillståndsbedömning av grusvägar och stödja underhållsplanering och beslutsfattande? (3) Hur kan deltagarbaserad och adaptiv insamling av data om grusvägars tillstånd möjliggöra en hållbar tillståndsbedömning som stödjer prediktiv och datadriven underhållsplanering och beslutsfattande?

Data om fordonets vibrationsrespons (VVR), insamlade med hjälp av piezoelektriska accelerometrar och smarttelefonsensorer, analyseras med hjälp av statistiska metoder, spektralanalys och subbandsfiltreringstekniker. International Roughness Index (IRI)-värdensamt videor och bilder av grusvägarnas tillstånd samlas också in med Roadroid, en Android-baserad smarttelefonapplikation, för att komplettera VVR-data och verifiera faktiska skador på grusvägarna. En regelbaserad klassificeringsmetod utvecklas och valideras empiriskt med hjälp av insamlade fältexperimentdata, vilket möjliggör detektion av ytdefekter såsom potthål, korrugeringar och löst grus. Multisensorintegration samt användning av Sequential Probability Ratio Test stärker ytterligare robustheten i den objektiva skadedetekteringen och tillståndsklassificeringen för grusvägar. Resultaten från Roadroid-baserade IRI-mätningar användes för att förfina IRI-tröskelvärdena i ett fyrklassigt tillståndsklassificeringssystem.

Forskningen föreslår även ett deltagarbaserat och adaptivt angreppssätt för insamling av tillståndsdata. Genom att involvera regelbundna användare av grusvägar i datainsamlingen kan den föreslagna deltagarbaserade, datadrivna metoden öka den geografiska täckningen av bedömda grusvägar, vilka huvudsakligen är belägna i avlägsna områden. Samtidigt optimerar adaptiv provtagning den mängd data som samlas in och lagras utan att kompromissa med noggrannheten, vilket möjliggör mer tillförlitliga, objektiva och hållbara tillståndsbedömningar som kan stödja prediktiv underhållsplanering.

Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen hur objektiva, datadrivna metoder och deltagarbaserade angreppssätt kan komplettera och gradvis ersätta traditionella subjektiva bedömningar. Detta ger vägsföreningar, kommuner och vägförvaltande myndigheter tillgång till för tillståndsbedömning som möjliggör bredare täckning, är effektiva och ändamålsenliga samt socialt inkluderande. Genom att kombinera multisensordata med intressentengagemang lägger forskningen grunden för hållbara, prediktiva, proaktiva och robusta system för förvaltning av grusvägar och bidrar därmed till teori, metod och praktik inom förvaltning av grusvägsinfrastruktur.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2026. p. 76
Keywords
Gravel road maintenance, condition assessment, data-driven methods, vehicle vibration response, International Roughness Index, multi-sensor integration, participatory approaches, adaptive sampling, condition classification, rule-based approach, sustainable maintenance, Grusvägsunderhåll, tillståndsbedömning, datadrivna metoder, fordons vibrationsrespons, International Roughness Index, multisensorintegration, deltagande och användarcentrerade metoder, adaptiv sampling, tillståndsklassificering, regelbaserat tillvägagångssätt, hållbart underhåll
National Category
Reliability and Maintenance Other Mechanical Engineering
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Mechanical Engineering; Technology (byts ev till Engineering)
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-144015 (URN)10.15626/LUD.604.2026 (DOI)9789180824040 (ISBN)9789180824057 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-02, Södrasalen, Linnéuniversitetet, Box 451, Växjö, 22:24 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-01-15 Created: 2026-01-14 Last updated: 2026-01-15Bibliographically approved

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Mbiyana, KeeganKans, Mirka

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