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Microalgal production and nutrient recovery under mixotrophic mode using cheese whey permeate
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. (Lnuc EEMiS;Microbial Model Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5615-7064
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Water. Halmstad University, Sweden. (Lnuc EEMiS;Microbial Model Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7155-3604
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Biology and Environmental Science. Linnaeus University, Linnaeus Knowledge Environments, Water. (Lnuc EEMiS;Microbial Model Systems)ORCID iD: 0000-0002-1149-6852
2024 (English)In: Bioresource Technology, ISSN 0960-8524, E-ISSN 1873-2976, Vol. 410, article id 131250Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Mixotrophic microalgal solutions are efficient nutrient recovery methods, with potential to prolong the cultivation seasons in temperate climates. To improve operation sustainability, the study used landfill leachate for nitrogen source and whey permeate for phosphorus and organic carbon. A non-axenic polyculture, dominated by green algae, was cultivated in mixotrophic mode on glucose or whey permeate compared to a photoautotrophic control in outdoor pilot-scaled raceway ponds during Nordic spring and autumn. The whey permeate treatment had the highest algal growth rate and productivity (0.48 d(-1), 183.8 mg L-1 d(-1)), nutrient removal (total nitrogen: 21.71 mg L-1 d(-1), total phosphorus: 3.05 mg L-1 d(-1)) and recovery rate (carbon: 85.19 mg L-1 d(-1), nitrogen: 17.01 mg L-1 d(-1), phosphorus: 2.58 mg L-1 d(-1)). When grown in whey permeate, algal cultures demonstrated consistent productivity and biochemical composition in high (spring) and low light conditions (autumn), suggesting the feasibility of year-round production in Nordic conditions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 410, article id 131250
Keywords [en]
Pilot-scaled cultivation, Nutrient removal, Wastewater treatment, Dairy water, Leachate
National Category
Bioprocess Technology
Research subject
Ecology, Aquatic Ecology; Ecology, Microbiology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-132653DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2024.131250ISI: 001312227100001PubMedID: 39127358Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85201575166OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-132653DiVA, id: diva2:1899745
Available from: 2024-09-20 Created: 2024-09-20 Last updated: 2025-09-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Mixotrophic Microalgal Production In The Nordic Region: Enhancing nutrient removal from industrial waste streams and generating valuable biomass
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Mixotrophic Microalgal Production In The Nordic Region: Enhancing nutrient removal from industrial waste streams and generating valuable biomass
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Alternative title[sv]
Mixotrof Produktion Av Mikroalger I Norden : För att öka återvinning av näringsämnen från industriella avloppsströmmar och generera värdefull biomassa
Abstract [en]

Microalgal solutions use microalgae, photosynthetic unicellular microorganisms (2-50 μm), to efficiently recover nutrients and CO2 into a valuable algal biomass, containing lipids, fatty acids, proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates, vitamins, and more. Autotrophic mode, the most traditional microalgal cultivation method, relies entirely on photosynthesis, resulting in low biomass productivity in low light seasons, such as during Nordic autumns and winters. Mixotrophic mode, that supports both photosynthesis and heterotrophy using organic carbon (OC) for growth, yields higher biomass productivity and nutrient recovery.Whey permeate and cheese whey, dairy processing wastewaters, have been tested as OC sources for mixotrophic algal production in small-scale controlled laboratory conditions. This thesis investigates the potential for using these wastewaters as sources of phosphorus and OC, in combination with landfill leachate or fluegas condensate water as a nitrogen source, for sustainable mixotrophic algal cultivations under outdoor Nordic conditions. Monocultures and polycultures of local green algae were cultivated in mixotrophic mode on glucose, whey permeate or cheese whey and autotrophic mode in pilot-scale raceway ponds during the spring and autumn in southern Sweden. The coexistence of algae and bacteria, the algal gene expression, and the metabolite profile of algal biomass in response to mixotrophic mode were studied to optimize the operations and suggest suitable applications of mixotrophic algal biomass.The results demonstrated enhanced algal productions in mixotrophic mode under both high and low light conditions, with higher algal growth rates, productivity, and nutrient removal and recovery rates compared to autotrophic mode. Mixotrophic mode offers the potential for year-round algal cultivations in Nordic conditions. Additionally, cheese whey mitigated night algal biomass loss when added at sufficient concentrations.The eukaryotic and prokaryotic composition of polycultures varied more in mixotrophic mode than autotrophic mode. In the polycultures, most enzymes involved in carbon metabolism were upregulated, while those related to photosynthesis were downregulated in mixotrophic mode on glucose compared to autotrophic mode. Mixotrophic mode did not affect the biochemical composition in polycultures, but resulted in higher carbohydrate, and lower protein and lipid content in monocultures. Metabolite profiles of polycultures and monocultures were species-specific and differed between cultivation modes, favoring carbohydrate accumulation in mixotrophic mode. Therefore, the selection of algal species and cultivation mode is crucial for specific applications of algal biomass and when targeting specific metabolites.

Abstract [sv]

Odling av mikroalger, fotosyntetiska encelliga mikroorganismer (2-50 µm), kan användas för att effektivt återvinna näringsämnen och koldioxid, CO2 till en värdefull algbiomassa som innehåller lipider, fettsyror, proteiner, aminosyror, kolhydrater, vitaminer och mycket mer. Autotrof odling, den mest traditionella metoden för odling av mikroalger, förlitar sig helt på fotosyntes, vilket resulterar i låg produktivitet av biomassa under perioder med låg ljusintensitet, som under nordiska höstar och vintrar. Mixotrof odling, som kombinerar fotosyntes och heterotrofi genom att använda organiskt kol för tillväxt, ger högre produktivitet av biomassa och näringsåtervinning.Vasslepermeat och ostvassle, två avloppsvatten från osttillverkning, har tidigare testats som organiska kolkällor för mixotrofisk algproduktion i småskaliga kontrollerade laboratorieförhållanden. Denna avhandling undersöker potentialen för att använda dessa avloppsvatten som källor av fosfor och organiskt kol, i kombination med lakvatten från deponi eller kondensatsvatten från industriell rökgas som kvävekälla, för hållbar mixotrofisk algodling under utomhusförhållanden i Norden. Monokulturer och polykulturer av lokala grönalger odlades som mixotrofiskt på glukos, vasslepermeat eller ostvassle, och autotrofiskt i odlingsdammar i pilotskala under vår och höst i södra Sverige. Hur alger och bakterier samexisterar, algens genuttryck och metabolitprofilen hos algbiomassan studerades för att för att optimera driften av mixotrof odling och föreslå lämpliga tillämpningar av mixotrof algbiomassa.Resultaten visade en högre produktion av mikroalger i mixotrof odling under både höga och låga ljusförhållanden, med högre algtillväxthastighet, produktivitet och återvinning av näringsämnen, jämfört med autotrof odling. Mixotrof odling möjliggör potential algodling för året runt i nordiska förhållanden. Dessutom minskade ostvassle förlusten av biomassa nattetid, när det tillsattes i tillräcklig höga koncentrationer.Den eukaryota och prokaryota artsammansättningen i polykulturer varierade mer i mixotrof odling än i autotrof. I mixotrofiska polykulturer uppreglerades de flesta enzymer som är involverade i kolmetabolism, medan de som är relaterade till fotosyntes nedreglerades jämfört med autotrofisk odling. Mixotrof odling påverkade inte den biokemiska sammansättningen på biomassan i polykulturer, men resulterade i högre kolhydrat- och lägre protein- och lipidinnehåll i monokulturer. Metabolitprofilerna för biomassa från polykulturer och monokulturer var artspecifika och skilde sig mellan odlingsmetoder, vilket ökade innehållet av kolhydrater i mixotrof odling. Därför är valet av algarter och odlingssätt avgörande för specifika tillämpningar av algbiomassa och när man riktar in sig på specifika metaboliter.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2025. p. 59
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 572/2025
Series
l
Keywords
mixotrophic microalgal cultivation, whey permeate, cheese whey, nutrient removal, nutrient recovery, algal biomass, metabolite profile, mixotrofisk mikroalgodling, vasslepermeat, ostvassle, avlägsnande av näringsämnen, återvinning av näringsämnen, algbiomassa, metabolitprofil
National Category
Ecology
Research subject
Ecology, Aquatic Ecology; Natural Science, Ecology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-138227 (URN)10.15626/LUD.572.2025 (DOI)978-91-8082-302-9 (ISBN)978-91-8082-303-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-05-22, Fullriggaren, Hus Magna, Kalmar, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-04-30 Created: 2025-04-30 Last updated: 2025-08-13Bibliographically approved

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Nham, Thi QuyenLegrand, CatherineLindehoff, Elin

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