lnu.sePublications
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf
Finite Element modelling of dowel-type connections in CLT structures: From timber embedment behaviour to CLT shear walls
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Building Technology.ORCID iD: 0009-0009-2251-644X
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 9: Build resilient infrastructure, promote inclusive and sustainable industrialization, and foster innovation
Abstract [en]

Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) is a pre-engineered timber product that has gainedmuch popularity over the last three decades as a sustainable construction material.CLT has excellent mechanical properties, and connections between CLT elementsand other structural elements in CLT structures are often critical in the engineeringdesign. The aim of this thesis is to develop a Finite Element Method (FEM)model for connections with dowel-type fasteners in CLT structures. Through athorough analysis from the embedment behaviour of timber to the simulation ofCLT structures with connections, this thesis aims to deepen the understandingof the load transfer and deformation behaviour of connections. Papers I and IIinvestigate with own and previous experiments the embedment behaviour ofdowel-type fasteners in timber and CLT. A non-linear analytical spring model forthe prediction of CLT embedment behaviour from the embedment behaviour ofthe constituent layers is proposed and shows good agreement with experiments.A Finite Element Method (FEM) model for the non-linear force-displacementbehaviour of single-fastener CLT connections is presented in Papers III andIV. A ‘Beam-on-Foundation’ (BoF) model is implemented in the FEM modelfor simulating the connection behaviour. The BoF model is validated withexperiments on steel-to-CLT and concrete-to-CLT connections, before it is usedto investigate the influence of various parameters on both the strength and slipmodulus of CLT connections. In Paper V, several single-fastener BoF models areintegrated into a multiple-fastener CLT connection model. The FEM model isvalidated with experiments on laterally loaded multiple-fastener steel-to-CLTconnections and used to investigate the influence of various parameters on thestrength and slip modulus of multiple-fastener CLT connections. From theresulting database, a design equation for the group effect in the slip modulusof steel-to-CLT connections with multiple-fasteners is derived. In Paper VI, theFEM model is applied to simulate angle bracket and hold-down bracket CLTconnections, as well as full-scale CLT shear walls with multiple connections.Due to the integrated BoF models, the FEM model provides insight into theload distribution between various connections. The developed FEM model is aneffective tool for the prediction of the force-displacement behaviour, the ductilestrength and the slip modulus of CLT connections with dowel-type fasteners.As it is implemented using a parametrised python script, the FEM model ishighly adaptable to accommodate numerous material and geometrical parameters.In addition to the effectiveness of the developed FEM model, the study alsohighlights the need for further developments in the simulation of the interactionof loading conditions and experimental validation.

Abstract [sv]

Korslimmat trä (KL-trä) är en hållbar träbaserad byggprodukt som har blivitmycket populär under de senaste tre decennierna. KL-trä har utmärkta mekaniskaegenskaper och utformningen av förband mellan element av KL-trä och andradelar av stommen är ofta avgörande för den tekniska utformningen ochdimensioneringen. Syftet med detta avhandlingsarbete har varit att utveckla enberäkningsmodell baserad på finita elementmetoden för mekaniska förband iKL-träkonstruktioner. Genom noggrann analys av såväl detaljer såsom betydelsenav hålkanttryck mot trä till simuleringen av fullskaliga KL-träbaserade skjuvväggarmed flera samverkande förband syftar denna avhandling till en fördjupadförståelse av lastöverföring och deformationer i förband i KL-träkonstruktioner.I artikel I och II undersöks experimentellt hålkanttryck mellan förbindare ochträmaterial. En icke-linjär analytisk fjädermodell för hålkanttryck hos KL-trä,härledd från hålkanttryck hos enskilda lameller eller lager av lameller, visar godöverensstämmelse med experimentella resultat. I artikel III och IV presenterasen finita elementmodell (FE-modell) för det icke-linjära sambandet mellan kraftoch förskjutning hos förbindare i KL-träförband. I FE-modellen representeras enenskild förbindare, och dess lastöverföringen mot angränsande material, av enbalk på fjädrande bädd. Modellen valideras genom experiment där komponenterav stål respektive betong trycks mot KL-trä, innan FE-modellen används för attundersöka effekten av olika parametrar på hållfasthet och förskjutningsmodul hosförband i KL-trä. I artikel V integreras flera förbindare, representerade av balkarpå fjäderbäddar, i en FE-modell av ett sammansatt KL-träförband. Modellenvalideras med experiment på förband med stål mot KL-trä och används för attundersöka betydelsen av olika parametrar på hållfasthet och förskjutningsmodulhos förband med flera förbindare. Den resulterande databasen används för attutveckla en dimensioneringsmodell som fångar gruppeffekten med avseendepå förskjutningsmodulen för stål mot KL-trä i förband med flera förbindare. Iartikel VI tillämpas FE-modellen för att simulera beteenden hos vinkelbeslag ochdragankare med flera förbindare, samt fullskaliga KL-träbaserade skjuvväggarsom omfattar flera förband. Genom att enskilda förbindare och deras kontakttryckrepresenteras av balkar på fjädrande bädd ger FE-modellen insikt i lastfördelningenmellan olika förband och hur olika förbindare bidrar i lastöverföringen. Denutvecklade FE-modellen av KL-träförband är ett effektivt verktyg för att förutsägakraft-förskjutningsegenskaper, hållfasthet och förskjutningsmodul för duktilaKL-trä-förband. Eftersom FE-modellen är implementerad i ett parametriseratPython-skript är den flexibel och kan anpassas för att utvärdera många olikamaterial- och geometriparametrar. Utöver att visa på användbarheten hos denutvecklade FE-modellen visar även studien på behovet av fortsatta, fördjupadestudier avseende fleraxiella belastning, modellering och experimentell valideringav mekaniska förband i KL-träkonstruktioner.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Linnaeus University Press, 2025.
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 569
Keywords [en]
Cross-Laminated Timber, CLT, Connections, Embedment behaviour, Finite Element Method, Beam-on-Foundation model, Shear capacity, Slip modulus, Group effect
Keywords [sv]
Korslimmat trä, KL-trä, Förband, Förbindare, Hålkanttryck, Finita Elementmetoden, Balk på fjädrande bädd, Skjuvkapacitet, Förskjutningsmodul, Gruppeffekt
National Category
Building Technologies
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-138269DOI: 10.15626/LUD.569.2025ISBN: 978-91-8082-294-7 (print)ISBN: 978-91-8082-295-4 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-138269DiVA, id: diva2:1956085
Public defence
2025-05-23, N1017, Hus N, Universitetsplatsen 1, 352 52, Växjö, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-05-05 Created: 2025-05-05 Last updated: 2025-05-15Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Beam-on-Foundation modelling of dowel-type single fastener connections in cross laminated timber
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Beam-on-Foundation modelling of dowel-type single fastener connections in cross laminated timber
2024 (English)In: Engineering structures, ISSN 0141-0296, E-ISSN 1873-7323, Vol. 303, article id 117519Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

In this study, a numerical model that aimed to predict the strength and stiffness, of a single laterally loaded mechanical fastener in steel-to-cross laminated timber (CLT) connections using a Beam-on-Foundation (BoF) model, is presented. The BoF model was used to predict the ductile failure modes of steel-to-CLT connections and considered the layered structure of CLT. When compared to the European Yield Model (EYM), the BoF model was found to be advantageous as it not only predicted the strength but also the stiffness of the connections. A comparison of the slip modulus and strength from BoF model simulations of experimental tests carried out on steel-to-CLT connections showed good agreement with the experimental results. Using the BoF model, the influence of; (i) density, (ii) deck layer orientation, (iii) embedment behaviour, (iv) dowel diameter, (v) steel plate thickness, and (vi) embedment length, on steel-to-CLT connections was investigated in a parameter study. The results presented herein highlight the benefit of the BoF model that considers CLT layer specific embedment behaviour in determining the shear capacity and stiffness of steel-to-CLT connections.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
CLT dowel-type fastener shear connections, Beam-on-Foundation model, Non-linear analysis, Shear capacity, Slip modulus, Parameter study
National Category
Building Technologies
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Civil engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-126917 (URN)10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.117519 (DOI)001170982400001 ()2-s2.0-85183470216 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-01-18 Created: 2024-01-18 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
2. Exploring the relationship between embedment behaviour in cross-laminated timber and its layers: An experimental study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Exploring the relationship between embedment behaviour in cross-laminated timber and its layers: An experimental study
2024 (English)In: Engineering Structures, ISSN 0141-0296, Vol. 318, article id 118677Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Cross-laminated timber (CLT) has become popular as a construction material and the design of CLT connections is typically based on empirical equations with an average embedment strength of the wood-based product. The experimental study presented herein aims at enhancing the understanding of the relationship between the CLT embedment behaviour and the single layers it is composed of. Non-linear embedment stress–displacement relationships were measured in 244 full-hole and half-hole embedment tests on structural timber boards as well as on CLT produced of parts of the same boards. Three different fasteners, namely a steel dowel with a diameter of 12 mm and the threaded part of screws with a nominal diameter of 6.5 mm and 10 mm, were studied. The design of the experiments allowed to validate a simple mechanical model with parallel springs for the CLT, which showed good agreement with experiments. In addition to a validation of the non-linear spring model, this unique experimental data-set is further exploited in a comparison with empirical equations and for the derivation of a non-linear embedment ratio, between parallel and perpendicular to the grain embedment stresses, over the displacement. Knowledge of the relationship between the non-linear embedment behaviour of the single layers and the CLT element can be further exploited in the engineering design and numerical modelling of CLT connections with dowel-type fasteners. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT), Dowel-type fasteners, CLT embedment, ASTM D5764, EN 383, Timber structures, Connections, Embedment strength, Embedment foundation modulus
National Category
Building Technologies
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-131597 (URN)10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.118677 (DOI)001297381800001 ()2-s2.0-85200203783 (Scopus ID)
Funder
Knowledge Foundation, 20190026
Available from: 2024-08-04 Created: 2024-08-04 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
3. A spring model for prediction of the nonlinear embedment load-displacement behaviour of dowel-type fasteners in cross-laminated timber
Open this publication in new window or tab >>A spring model for prediction of the nonlinear embedment load-displacement behaviour of dowel-type fasteners in cross-laminated timber
2021 (English)In: World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021, WCTE 2021, World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE) , 2021Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The embedment strength for design of connections in cross-laminated timber (CLT) structures is usually based on an extensive experimental study. In the research presented herein, a spring model is presented that takes into consideration the embedment properties of each layer to predict strength and stiffness of the nonlinear embedment behaviour of dowels in CLT. To gain input data for the spring model, experimental load-displacement data for various timber products, namely glulam, structural timber and laminated veneer lumber (LVL), were analysed. A nonlinear embedment ratio, defined as the embedment stress parallel to the grain with respect to the embedment stress perpendicular to the grain, was derived. Thereafter, this embedment ratio was used to back-calculate the embedment stress-displacement behaviour of single layers in CLT. The back-calculated embedment stress for single layers loaded parallel and perpendicular to the grain was then compared to embedment stress of glued laminated timber and to the Eurocode 5 equations. A good correlation was found for CLT with common layer thicknesses of higher than 20 mm, while for CLT with smaller layer thicknesses a considerable overestimation of the embedment stress was observed. This might be explained by reinforcement and strengthening effects in the interface between the layers, which gets more evident in CLT with small layer thickness. From the study it was evident that it is possible to predict the embedment behaviour of CLT by application of the herein proposed spring model to CLT with common layer thickness. Furthermore, the potential of the spring model for an enhanced design of CLT connections, by consideration of the CLT layup, was demonstrated in a parametric study. © WCTE 2021. All rights reserved.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), 2021
Keywords
Cross-laminated timber, Dowel-type fasteners, Embedment strength and stiffness, Spring model, Laminating, Stiffness, Timber, Cross laminated, Dowel-type fastener, Embedment strengths, Laminated timber, Layer thickness, Single layer, Strength and stiffness, Forecasting
National Category
Building Technologies Wood Science
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Civil engineering
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-112579 (URN)2-s2.0-85120731632 (Scopus ID)
Conference
World Conference on Timber Engineering 2021, WCTE 2021, 9-12 August 2021
Available from: 2022-05-08 Created: 2022-05-08 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved
4. Numerical Modelling of a Cross-Laminated Timber-to-Concrete Dowel-Type Connection Using the Beam-on-Foundation Model
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Numerical Modelling of a Cross-Laminated Timber-to-Concrete Dowel-Type Connection Using the Beam-on-Foundation Model
2023 (English)In: Proceedings from the 13th World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 / [ed] Anders Q. Nyrud, Kjell Arne Malo, Kristine Nore, Oslo, Norway: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE) , 2023, p. 3101-3110Conference paper, Published paper (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

The aim of the research presented herein is to investigate the mechanical behaviour of cross-laminated timber (CLT)-to-concrete dowel-type connections. For reliable timber-concrete-composite structures, mechanical connections between the two construction materials are of great importance. This paper investigates the nonlinear load-displacement behaviour, giving access to the stiffness and strength, as well as ductile connection failure modes, of a CLT-to-concrete composite connection using a Beam-on-Foundation (BoF) model. The latter is a numerical model that utilizes non-linear springs for the interaction between the fastener and the surrounding CLT and concrete materials. The influence of: (i) fastener diameter, (ii) initial slip, (iii) concrete embedment properties, and (iv) axial fastener resistance due to friction, on the connection shear capacity and slip modulus, was investigated in a parameter study. The nonlinear load-displacement response, connection stiffness and strength predicted by the BoF model were moreover compared to laboratory tests and the European Yield Model (EYM), which supported the validity of the BoF model. In addition, it was shown that the BoF model could enhance the prediction of the slip modulus compared to the current design regulations in Eurocode 5.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Oslo, Norway: World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE), 2023
National Category
Wood Science Building Technologies
Research subject
Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Civil engineering; Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-123349 (URN)10.52202/069179-0404 (DOI)2-s2.0-85171788117 (Scopus ID)9781713873297 (ISBN)9781713873273 (ISBN)
Conference
World Conference on Timber Engineering 2023 (WCTE 2023), 19-11 June, Oslo
Available from: 2023-07-24 Created: 2023-07-24 Last updated: 2025-05-05Bibliographically approved

Open Access in DiVA

fulltext(159215 kB)174 downloads
File information
File name FULLTEXT04.pdfFile size 159215 kBChecksum SHA-512
e7b124bd442b074d7d1aff7547f77c3ec7218f4fc79244b78b7e36072ca115cd0c2a18febe5c87a12a21a9fd0fa633d4cebd94902d508e6a2cb2146a5171fae0
Type fulltextMimetype application/pdf

Other links

Publisher's full textBuy Book (SEK 400 + VAT and postage) lnupress@lnu.se

Authority records

Gikonyo, Joan Wangui

Search in DiVA

By author/editor
Gikonyo, Joan Wangui
By organisation
Department of Building Technology
Building Technologies

Search outside of DiVA

GoogleGoogle Scholar
Total: 183 downloads
The number of downloads is the sum of all downloads of full texts. It may include eg previous versions that are now no longer available

doi
isbn
urn-nbn

Altmetric score

doi
isbn
urn-nbn
Total: 816 hits
CiteExportLink to record
Permanent link

Direct link
Cite
Citation style
  • apa
  • ieee
  • modern-language-association-8th-edition
  • vancouver
  • Other style
More styles
Language
  • de-DE
  • en-GB
  • en-US
  • fi-FI
  • nn-NO
  • nn-NB
  • sv-SE
  • Other locale
More languages
Output format
  • html
  • text
  • asciidoc
  • rtf