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Automated homogeneity-check of agricultural parcels using machine learning: increased performance in compliance with EU common agricultural policy
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of computer science and media technology. Data Experts GmbH, Germany;University of Applied Science, Germany.ORCID iD: 0009-0000-6565-6068
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of computer science and media technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7565-3714
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7913-8592
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Technology, Department of Forestry and Wood Technology.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5844-6775
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2026 (English)In: Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, ISSN 0168-1699, E-ISSN 1872-7107, Vol. 254, article id 111992Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Accurate parcel geometry is important for many applications in agriculture and forestry. The assessments of agricultural parcel geometries are, e.g., crucial for calculating financial subsidies. Today, authorities use aerial images to check parcels for homogeneous cultivation and incorrect parcel geometries (homogeneity-check). Due to the large number of parcels and limited resources of authority offices, there is a need for an automated method of risk-based selection of a manageable subset of parcels for manual review. To this end, this study evaluated four machine learning approaches; Image Classification, Semantic Segmentation, Edge Detection, and Clustering, with respect to (i) their sensitivity to spatial resolution of aerial images, (ii) the impact of the balancing method used in training, and (iii) their overall performance with respect to preselecting parcels for homogeneity-check. In addition, we introduced a modified version of the commonly used Precision@K metric. The proposed Precision@K% replaces the absolute number of top-ranked items with a relative proportion, facilitating a more scalable evaluation of risk-based selection strategies. The results show that all approaches performed similarly in terms of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and the Precision@2% metric; Image Classification: AUROC = 77.4%, Precision@2% = 80%, Semantic Segmentation: AUROC = 83.0%, Precision@2% = 75%, Edge Detection: AUROC = 79.2%, Precision@2% = 85%, and Clustering: AUROC = 84.4%, Precision@2% = 100%. Notably, the Clustering approach consistently maintained a stable Precision@2% of 100%.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2026. Vol. 254, article id 111992
Keywords [en]
Agriculture parcel homogeneity, Machine learning, Remote sensing, Risk-based selection, Common agricultural policy (CAP)
National Category
Computer Sciences
Research subject
Computer and Information Sciences Computer Science, Computer Science; Technology (byts ev till Engineering), Forestry and Wood Technology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-149014DOI: 10.1016/j.compag.2026.111992ISI: 001840983700001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105046404830OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-149014DiVA, id: diva2:2091108
Available from: 2026-08-10 Created: 2026-08-10 Last updated: 2026-08-17Bibliographically approved

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Gundermann, NielsLöwe, WelfFransson, Johan E.S.Olofsson, Erika

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