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‘But it’s not meant to look real!’ Secondary school students’ meaning-making in ecology through multimodal texts
Linnaeus University, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Chemistry and Biomedical Sciences.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7179-183X
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Sustainable development
SDG 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all
Alternative title
‘Men det är inte meningen att det ska se verkligt ut!’: Högstadieelevers meningsskapande i ekologi genom multimodala texter (Swedish)
Abstract [en]

Ecology concerns organisms and their interactions with the environment, encompassing processes and relationships that often present challenges for students in biology classrooms. Challenges arise both from the abstract and complex nature of ecological content and from how the content is represented, particularly through multimodal communication as when using images, writing, and symbols. Although multimodality plays a central role in science learning, relatively little is known about how students use different semiotic resources to represent ecological phenomena and processes when creating multimodal texts, and how their representational choices evolve during this process. This thesis synthesises findings from three studies focusing on students’ creation of multimodal texts in ecology. The first study develops an analytical framework grounded in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) to investigate the scientific content and its representation. The second study applies this framework to student-created texts. The third study analyses a student group’s discussion during text creation, focusing on ecological content and its representation. 

The data, consisting of students’ multimodal texts and recordings of a student group’s discussion while collaboratively creating their text, were collected in Year 7 biology classrooms where the students worked in groups on an ecology assignment involving food webs. The findings show that the students draw on multiple modes and semiotic resources to represent ecological processes, demonstrating an awareness of the affordances of these resources. The students largely focus on macroscopic and organism-level aspects when making meaning of ecology, and their representational choices are shaped by a tension between scientific conventions and creative expression. In addition, the students’ discussion makes aspects of their meaning-making process discernible, revealing both strengths and uncertainties in scientific content and representation. 

Taken together, the three studies show how students’ multimodal text creation reveals the science content they prioritise, the representational choices they negotiate, and aspects of their meaning‐making that cannot be discerned in the final texts. The findings suggest that science education would benefit from more explicit attention being paid not only to the content, but also as to how the scientific content is expressed, thereby enhancing students’ opportunities for meaning-making. 

Abstract [sv]

Ekologi handlar om organismer och deras interaktion med omgivningen och omfattar processer och relationer som ofta innebär utmaningar för elever i biologiundervisningen. Dessa utmaningar uppstår genom det abstrakta och komplexa naturvetenskapliga innehållet men även genom hur innehållet representeras multimodalt, genom exempelvis bilder, skrift och symboler. Trots att multimodalitet spelar en central roll i naturvetenskapligt lärande är kunskapen begränsad gällande hur elever använder olika semiotiska resurser för att själva representera ekologiska fenomen och processer i multimodala texter, samt hur de i sitt textarbete förhandlar om val av representationer. Denna avhandling sammanfattar resultaten från tre studier som fokuserar på elevers skapande av multimodala texter. Den första studien utvecklar ett analytiskt ramverk baserat på systemisk-funktionell lingvistik (SFL) för att undersöka det naturvetenskapliga innehållet och dess representation. Den andra studien tillämpar detta ramverk på elevproducerade texter i ekologi. Den tredje studien analyserar en elevgrupps diskussion under textskapandet, med fokus på hur de resonerar om det ekologiska innehållet och om hur det ska representeras. 

Materialet, som består av elevers multimodala texter och inspelningar av en elevgrupps diskussion under textskapandet, samlades in i årskurs 7 i biologi där eleverna arbetade i grupper med en ekologiuppgift om näringsvävar. Resultaten visar att eleverna använder en rad olika uttrycksformer och semiotiska resurser för attrepresenteraekologiska processer, vilket visar en medvenhet om de möjligheter och begränsningar som olika resurser erbjuder. När eleverna skapar mening relaterat till ekologiska fenomen riktas fokus främst mot aspekter på makroskopisk nivå och organismnivå. Valet av representationer präglas samtidigt av en balansgång mellan naturvetenskapliga konventioner och kreativa uttryckssätt. Vidare synliggör elevernas samtal olika dimensioner av deras meningsskapande och gör det möjligt att urskilja såväl styrkor som osäkerheter i relation till det naturvetenskapliga innehållet och hur det kan representeras. 

Sammantaget visar de tre studierna hur elevers multimodala textskapande synliggör vilket naturvetenskapligt innehåll de prioriterar, vilka representationsval de förhandlar om, och aspekter av deras meningsskapande som inte kan utläsas ur de färdiga texterna. Resultaten antyder att naturvetenskapsundervisningen skulle gynnas av att rikta mer explicit uppmärksamhet inte bara mot det naturvetenskapliga innehållet, utan också mot hur det innehållet uttrycks, vilket kan stärka elevernas möjligheter till meningsskapande. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Växjö: Linnaeus University Press, 2026. , p. 167
Series
Linnaeus University Dissertations ; 623
Keywords [en]
ecology education, students’ multimodal texts, students’ text discussion, multimodality, SFL
National Category
Didactics
Research subject
Education, Didactics; Education, Didactics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-149164DOI: 10.15626/LUD.623.2026ISBN: 9789180824705 (print)ISBN: 9789180824712 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:lnu-149164DiVA, id: diva2:2093860
Public defence
2026-09-11, Azur, Hus Vita, Kalmar, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-08-21 Created: 2026-08-20 Last updated: 2026-08-21Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Analysing Multimodal Texts in Science — a Social Semiotic Perspective
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Analysing Multimodal Texts in Science — a Social Semiotic Perspective
2022 (English)In: Research in science education, ISSN 0157-244X, E-ISSN 1573-1898, Vol. 52, p. 891-907Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Teaching and learning in science disciplines are dependent on multimodal communication. Earlier research implies that students may be challenged when trying to interpret and use different semiotic resources. There have been calls for extensive frameworks that enable analysis of multimodal texts in science education. In this study, we combine analytical tools deriving from social semiotics, including systemic functional linguistics (SFL), where the ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions are central. In regard to other modes than writing—and to analyse how textual resources are combined—we build on aspects highlighted in research on multimodality. The aim of this study is to uncover how such a framework can provide researchers and teachers with insights into the ways in which various aspects of the content in multimodal texts are communicated through different semiotic resources. Furthermore, we aim to explore how different text resources interact and, finally, how the students, or authors of teaching resources, position themselves in relation to the subject. Data consist of one student text and one teaching resource text, both comprising drawn and written elements in combination with symbols. Our analyses of the student text suggest that the proposed framework can provide insights into students’ content knowledge and, hence, how construction of multimodal texts may be a useful tool for formative assessment. When it comes to teaching resources, the framework may be a useful tool for teachers when choosing resources, particularly in relation to students’ possibilities of meaning making when engaging with such texts, but also, as a basis for classroom discussions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
multimodal analysis; student-generated texts; social semiotics; SFL; biology education; multimodality
National Category
Didactics
Research subject
Education, Didactics
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-107551 (URN)10.1007/s11165-021-10027-5 (DOI)000707685000001 ()2-s2.0-85117162592 (Scopus ID)2021 (Local ID)2021 (Archive number)2021 (OAI)
Available from: 2021-10-18 Created: 2021-10-18 Last updated: 2026-08-20Bibliographically approved
2. Meaning-Making in Ecology Education: Analysis of Students’ Multimodal Texts
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Meaning-Making in Ecology Education: Analysis of Students’ Multimodal Texts
2023 (English)In: Education Sciences, E-ISSN 2227-7102, Vol. 13, no 5, article id 443Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Teaching and learning in ecology depend on multimodality, involving semiotic resourcessuch as visual representations, subject-specific symbols, and written and spoken language. Furthermore, the ecology field involves complex processes and relationships, presenting student challenges.However, more research has yet to investigate how students design multimodal texts to representcomplex biological processes. For a holistic understanding of ecology, it is crucial to understanddifferent complex processes, such as the matter cycle, energy flow, decomposition, and their relations.Therefore, this study aims to, through multimodal text analysis based on systemic functional linguistics (SFL), identify how secondary students collectively present and combine such processes and howthey position themselves through their textual choices. Results indicate that representing biologicalprocesses comprises several challenges for students. One way in which this is shown is the unclearuse and meaning of arrows. Thereto, the students include various aspects uncommon in the fieldof ecology, for example, symbols inspired by comic books, values, and the role of humans, therebyrelating ecosystems to their interests and everyday life. Implications for teaching are discussed, forinstance, the importance of supporting students in terms of scientific content and how to represent it,which can be conducted through text discussions. 

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
Keywords
multimodal texts, systemic functional linguistics, ecology education
National Category
Pedagogy
Research subject
Pedagogics and Educational Sciences, Education
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-120547 (URN)10.3390/educsci13050443 (DOI)001009657300001 ()2-s2.0-85160109806 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2023-05-05 Created: 2023-05-05 Last updated: 2026-08-20Bibliographically approved

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