Assessments and evaluations of incubators has been a topic of discussion for as long as incubators have been in existence due to the fact that there has not been an agreement on how to determine good performance. This paper demonstrates the use of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) when studying performance of incubators. More specifically, it does so within the four dimensions of cooperation with universities, business networks, external funding and competence development on a sample of 16 Swedish incubators. We show that DEA enables us to measure non-numerical dimensions, and to simultaneously take into account the efforts made by both the incubator and the outcomes. Moreover, DEA provides benchmarks and, based on a model that divides the incubators into four different groups, illustrates the difference between the benchmark and the incubators' current situation.

This paper explores incubator facilitation of technology transfer for their New Technology-Based Firms (NTBFs). Empirical evidence gathered from six interviews with incubator managers, together with a survey of 131 NTBFs in incubators in Sweden, in 2005, and the findings made in a survey of 273 NTBFs situated inside-and-outside Science Parks in 1999, are used for the exploration. It is suggested that incubators do facilitate technology transfer for their NTBFs. It is further suggested that the development towards increased ability to facilitate technology transfer will continue as a results of the efforts made on the incubator and systemic level.

Sammanfattning

I Sverige har det statliga apoteketsmonopolet ifrågasatts en längre tid och regeringen utreder nu möjligheten att konkurrensutsätta läkemedelsförsäljningen. Det har även föreslagits i den statliga utredningen (SOU 2008:4 del 2) att ett begränsat sortiment av OTC läkemedel (over the counter = receptfria läkemedel) ska få säljas i dagligvaruhandeln utan farmaceutiskt kompetenskrav. Vid korrekt användning och tillgång till rätt rådgivning kan OTC läkemedel vara till en stor hjälp för den enskilde individen vid egenvård och därigenom också bidra till avlastning på sjukvårdens resursers. Vid felanvändning av OTC läkemedel (över/underdosering, fel indikationsområde etc.), kan de istället få motsatt effekt. Syftet med denna enkätstudie var därför att utforska om konsumenter av OTC läkemedel i Sverige önskar få tillgång till dessa läkemedel i t ex livsmedelsbutiker, där de inte har tillgång till personlig farmaceutisk rådgivning, vidare var avsikten att undersöka hur de i dagligvaruhandeln önskade få läkemedelsinformation. I februari 2008 gjordes en enkätstudie i Västervik som inkluderade 48 deltagare varav 29 kvinnor och 19 män. Studien visade att 71 % av deltagarna hade en positiv inställning till att köpa OTC läkemedel i livsmedelsbutiker, 58 % skulle skaffa information genom läkemedelsförpackning och bipacksedel i kombination med att de tidigare använt läkemedlet. Önskan om tillgång till personlig rådgivning på inköpsstället var störst i åldern ≤ 35 år, där 38 % ansåg sig vilja det. Slutsats av studien är att majoriteten vill kunna handla OTC läkemedel i dagligvaruhandeln och information skulle de få främst från läkemedelsförpackning/bipacksedel i kombination med erfarenheter från tidigare användning.

2008:F5

We report on a search with the IceCube detector for high-energy muon neutrinos from GRB 080319B, one of the brightest gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) ever observed. The fireball model predicts that a mean of 0.1 events should be detected by IceCube for a bulk Lorentz boost of the jet of 300. In both the direct on-time window of 66 s and an extended window of about 300 s around the GRB, no excess was found above background. The 90% CL upper limit on the number of track-like events from the GRB is 2.7, corresponding to a muon neutrino fluence limit of 9.5 x 10(-3) erg cm(-2) in the energy range between 120 TeV and 2.2 PeV, which contains 90% of the expected events.

Point source searches with the IceCube neutrino telescope have been restricted to one hemisphere, due to the exclusive selection of upward going events as a way of rejecting the atmospheric muon background. We show that the region above the horizon can be included by suppressing the background through energy-sensitive cuts. This improves the sensitivity above PeV energies, previously not accessible for declinations of more than a few degrees below the horizon due to the absorption of neutrinos in Earth. We present results based on data collected with 22 strings of IceCube, extending its field of view and energy reach for point source searches. No significant excess above the atmospheric background is observed in a sky scan and in tests of source candidates. Upper limits are reported, which for the first time cover point sources in the southern sky up to EeV energies.

We present new results of searches for neutrino point sources in the northern sky, using data recorded in 2007-2008 with 22 strings of the IceCube detector (approximately one-fourth of the planned total) and 275.7 days of live time. The final sample of 5114 neutrino candidate events agrees well with the expected background of atmospheric muon neutrinos and a small component of atmospheric muons. No evidence of a point source is found, with the most significant excess of events in the sky at 2.2σ after accounting for all trials. The average upper limit over the northern sky for point sources of muon-neutrinos with E –2 spectrum is ##IMG## [http://ej.iop.org/images/1538-4357/701/1/L47/apjl318527ieqn1.gif] $E^2\,Φ _ν _μ < 1.4 \,\,\times\,\, 10^-11\; \mathrmTeV\;cm^-2\;\mathrms^-1$ , in the energy range from 3 TeV to 3 PeV, improving the previous best average upper limit by the AMANDA-II detector by a factor of 2.

A search for muon neutrinos from neutralino annihilations in the Sun has been performed with the IceCube 22-string neutrino detector using data collected in 104.3 days of live time in 2007. No excess over the expected atmospheric background has been observed. Upper limits have been obtained on the annihilation rate of captured neutralinos in the Sun and converted to limits on the weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP) proton cross sections for WIMP masses in the range 250-5000 GeV. These results are the most stringent limits to date on neutralino annihilation in the Sun.

The AMANDA-II detector, operating since 2000 in the deep ice at the geographic South Pole, has accumulated a large sample of atmospheric muon neutrinos in the 100 GeV to 10 TeV energy range. The zenith angle and energy distribution of these events can be used to search for various phenomenological signatures of quantum gravity in the neutrino sector, such as violation of Lorentz invariance or quantum decoherence. Analyzing a set of 5511 candidate neutrino events collected during 1387 days of livetime from 2000 to 2006, we find no evidence for such effects and set upper limits on violation of Lorentz invariance and quantum decoherence parameters using a maximum likelihood method. Given the absence of evidence for new flavor-changing physics, we use the same methodology to determine the conventional atmospheric muon neutrino flux above 100 GeV.